Post by djxkorean on Aug 12, 2009 18:25:22 GMT -8
I. FDR’s Death
A. FDR died April 12, 1945 after 3 months of his 4th term
1. V.P. Harry Truman assumes office faced with a war to be finished and difficult post-war problems
II. Truman’s Election
A. Democrats: nominate Truman after first approaching General Dwight D. Eisenhower
1. Senator Alben W. Barkley persuaded to help the party by being V.P.
a. Truman had offended deep South by taking strong stand in favor of civil rights, and Barkley would hold South in Democrat party
2. Democrats weakened with leave of Dixiecrats and formation of Progressive party
B. States’ Rights Party (“Dixiecrats”): nominate Governor Strom Thurmond
1. Made of Southern Democrats who walked out of the Dem convention
C. Progressive Party: nominate Henry Wallace (Secretary of Agriculture from Dem)
1. Platform: expand New Deal more vigorously and accomplish good relations with the USSR
D. Republicans: nominate Governor Dewey who is expected to win with Democratic Party split
E. Democrats regained control of Congress and presidency
III. Taft Hartley Act (1947)
A. Reflected views of Congress in 1946, which had Republican majorities
1. Congress said that Wagner-Connery (Labor) Act had tipped advantage heavily in favor in labor and tried to restore balance
2. Passed over President Truman’s Veto
B. Major Provisions
1. Unions, as well as employers, subject to sue for breach of contract
2. Closed shop (requires worker to belong to union at the time he is hired) is declared illegal
3. Union must submit financial reports to public authorities
4. “check-off” system of paying union dues was made illegal
a. Check-off: deduction from worker’s pay to be given to union and made employer collect dues for the union
5. Union officers had to take oath that they weren’t members of Communist Party
6. National Labor Relations Board could issue injunction to delay strike for 80 days is strike threatened “irreparable damage”
7. Secondary boycotts and jurisdictional disputes were outlawed
C. Organized labor bitterly attacked Taft-Hartley Act as “slave-labor” law
IV. Presidential Succession Act
A. Provided V.P. to be followed in order by Speaker of House, President pro-tempore of Senate, Sec. of State, and down Cabinet according to rank
V. Trials of War Criminals
A. Int’l Military Tribunal est. under direction of S.C. Justice Robert Jackson
Cold War
VI. Cold War Begins
A. Communist dictatorship in USSR vs. western democracies (Great Britain and US)
1. mutual mistrust, political disagreements about eastern Europe, and falling of “iron curtain” between eastern and western Europe
2. Churchill calls for policy of containment: halt expansion of Communism
3. Increased tension and hostile relations from 1946 – 1988 called Cold War
VII. Truman Doctrine (1947)
A. Background
1. When guerillas enter northern Greece, USSR claims there was genuine revolt of Greek people against the government (actually Communist invaders)
a. UNRRA and British troops pull out of Greece to discourage Communist aggression
2. Turkey pressured by Russia when Russia refused to renew 20-yr-old friendship pact
B. Truman Doctrine: US bases policy on recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free people undermine foundations of int’l peace and security of US
1. Aided both Greece and Turkey and stopped penetration of USSR toward Mediterranean
C. Truman Doctrine was a policy opposing aggressive communism all over the world
VIII. Marshal Plan (European Recovery Plan) (1947)
A. Secretary of State General George C. Marshall announces plan for European recovery (called Marshall plan)
1. aimed against “hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos” that European nations were invited to join
2. asked to form plan for putting transportation systems, industrial plants, and agriculture into good working condition
3. US agreed to provide money and machinery for war-devastated Europe
B. 22 nations considered Marshall Plan and despite USSR calling it an “imperialist plot to enslave Europe”
1. Felt that economically prostrate Europe was fertile soil for Communist ideology and Russia would roll over western Europe
2. Czechoslovakia’s loss of freedom through Communist infiltration led to overwhelming vote for Marshall Plan
C. To counterbalance Marshall Plan, Russia formed the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance
IX. Germany and Berlin
. . A. Background
. . . . 1. In order to bring WWII to an end, treaties arranged with several nations
. . . . . . a. 2 months before V.E. Day, plan for occupation of Germany agreed upon
. . . . . . b. Germany divided into eastern zone occupied by Russia and larger western zone divided among Britain, France, and US
. . . .2. Berlin was divided into East Berlin (Russian) and West Berlin (US, Britain, France)
. . B. Stalin would accept no agreement unless Germany made Communist nation under Soviet control
. . . . 1. Allied answer: unification of British/French/US zones called German Federal Republic
. . . . . . a. became vigorous commercial and industrial economy; democratic gov’t
. . . . 2. East Germany turned into People’s Republic of Germany: puppet gov’t under Soviet control
. . C. Russians place barriers so that no traffic is allowed between Berlin and West Germany
. . . . 1. attempt to force Western Allies out of Berlin; Berlin was 100mi. in Russian Germany
. . . . 2. To save West Berlin, Americans and British organize the “Berlin air lift”
. . . . . . a. population of 2.25 million supplied by planes with food, fuel. and other necessities
. . D. Display of organizational skill and air power brought settlement and resumption of normal transportation facilities
X. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)
A. April 4, 1949: 12 nations sign NATO; ratified by Senate on July 21st
B. Purely military defensive alliance: every NATO nation that is attacked is viewed as an attack on all
C. Truman Doctrine turned back serious threat of Soviet expansion to Mediterranean
D. Marshall Plan started recovery in western Europe
E. NATO started military defense against Soviet expansion westward into Europe
XI. Korea (1950 – 1953)
. . A. Background
. . . . 1. Korea had been under Japanese control since Russo-Japanese War
. . . . 2. Major powers agreed that Korea would be free and independent during WWII talks
. . . . . . a. Russia affirmed surrender terms with Japan accepting surrender terms
. . . . 3. Korea divided along 38th parallel after Japanese surrender: north goes to Russian troops, south to US troops
. . . . . . a. Russia viewed division of Korea as permanent, and Korea divided into Communist and democratic nation
. . B. Korean War: North Koreans cross 38th parallel (June 25, 1950)
. . . . 1. Security Council calls for withdrawal of North Korean forces and cessation of hostilities
. . . . . . a. To execute this resolution, send US troops: fast action due to absence of Soviet delegate on Security Council
. . . . 2. Truman appoints General Douglas MacArthur as commanding general of UN forces
. . . . . . a. buildup of UN troops = North Koreans pushed to southern tip to peninsula
. . . . 3. In discussing attack plan with Truman, MacArthur decides to completely destroy N. Korean forces
. . . . . . a. China had said they would not “stand idly by”, but MacArthur assumes they won’t be join the war (sadly mistaken)
. . . . 4. China joins the war, pushes UN forces back across 38th parallel
. . . . 5. MacArthur wants to launch air and naval attack against Red China; Truman rejects the plan
. . . . . . a. MacArthur makes public statements in opposition to President; fired due to insubordination to the President and General Ridgeway replaces him
. . . . 6. Fighting stopped as it had started in 1953 due to cease-fire with major casualties on all sides
. . C. End Results
. . . . 1. South Korea: democratic gov’t with vibrant economy; N. Korea: communist dictatorship with nukes
XII. Cold War, Loyalty and McCarthyism
. . A. Cold war brought fear of Communist infiltration into labor unions, education. scientific research and clergy
. . . . 1. Attempts to screen gov’t employees produced questionable results
. . . . 2. Smith Act of 1940 (Alien Registration Act): tries to control Communists by making it crime to advocate overthrow of US by force and violence
. . . . . . a. Difficult to uphold in the courts
. . B. Senator Joseph McCarthy: used issue of Communist infiltration of gov’t to gain popularity
. . . . 1. Claimed to have lists of Communists working in US Army, gov’t, and Hollywood
. . . . 2. Everyone afraid to critique McCarthy in fear of being accused of being a Communist
. . . . 3. Edward R. Murrow used television program to publicize and criticize McCarthy’s actions
. . C. McCarthy crosses the line when prosecuting the US Army
. . . . 1. Exposed McCarthy as man with no information who destroyed innocent people’s reputations
. . D. McCarthyism: accusing as a traitor anyone who dissented from approved ideas
A. FDR died April 12, 1945 after 3 months of his 4th term
1. V.P. Harry Truman assumes office faced with a war to be finished and difficult post-war problems
II. Truman’s Election
A. Democrats: nominate Truman after first approaching General Dwight D. Eisenhower
1. Senator Alben W. Barkley persuaded to help the party by being V.P.
a. Truman had offended deep South by taking strong stand in favor of civil rights, and Barkley would hold South in Democrat party
2. Democrats weakened with leave of Dixiecrats and formation of Progressive party
B. States’ Rights Party (“Dixiecrats”): nominate Governor Strom Thurmond
1. Made of Southern Democrats who walked out of the Dem convention
C. Progressive Party: nominate Henry Wallace (Secretary of Agriculture from Dem)
1. Platform: expand New Deal more vigorously and accomplish good relations with the USSR
D. Republicans: nominate Governor Dewey who is expected to win with Democratic Party split
E. Democrats regained control of Congress and presidency
III. Taft Hartley Act (1947)
A. Reflected views of Congress in 1946, which had Republican majorities
1. Congress said that Wagner-Connery (Labor) Act had tipped advantage heavily in favor in labor and tried to restore balance
2. Passed over President Truman’s Veto
B. Major Provisions
1. Unions, as well as employers, subject to sue for breach of contract
2. Closed shop (requires worker to belong to union at the time he is hired) is declared illegal
3. Union must submit financial reports to public authorities
4. “check-off” system of paying union dues was made illegal
a. Check-off: deduction from worker’s pay to be given to union and made employer collect dues for the union
5. Union officers had to take oath that they weren’t members of Communist Party
6. National Labor Relations Board could issue injunction to delay strike for 80 days is strike threatened “irreparable damage”
7. Secondary boycotts and jurisdictional disputes were outlawed
C. Organized labor bitterly attacked Taft-Hartley Act as “slave-labor” law
IV. Presidential Succession Act
A. Provided V.P. to be followed in order by Speaker of House, President pro-tempore of Senate, Sec. of State, and down Cabinet according to rank
V. Trials of War Criminals
A. Int’l Military Tribunal est. under direction of S.C. Justice Robert Jackson
Cold War
VI. Cold War Begins
A. Communist dictatorship in USSR vs. western democracies (Great Britain and US)
1. mutual mistrust, political disagreements about eastern Europe, and falling of “iron curtain” between eastern and western Europe
2. Churchill calls for policy of containment: halt expansion of Communism
3. Increased tension and hostile relations from 1946 – 1988 called Cold War
VII. Truman Doctrine (1947)
A. Background
1. When guerillas enter northern Greece, USSR claims there was genuine revolt of Greek people against the government (actually Communist invaders)
a. UNRRA and British troops pull out of Greece to discourage Communist aggression
2. Turkey pressured by Russia when Russia refused to renew 20-yr-old friendship pact
B. Truman Doctrine: US bases policy on recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free people undermine foundations of int’l peace and security of US
1. Aided both Greece and Turkey and stopped penetration of USSR toward Mediterranean
C. Truman Doctrine was a policy opposing aggressive communism all over the world
VIII. Marshal Plan (European Recovery Plan) (1947)
A. Secretary of State General George C. Marshall announces plan for European recovery (called Marshall plan)
1. aimed against “hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos” that European nations were invited to join
2. asked to form plan for putting transportation systems, industrial plants, and agriculture into good working condition
3. US agreed to provide money and machinery for war-devastated Europe
B. 22 nations considered Marshall Plan and despite USSR calling it an “imperialist plot to enslave Europe”
1. Felt that economically prostrate Europe was fertile soil for Communist ideology and Russia would roll over western Europe
2. Czechoslovakia’s loss of freedom through Communist infiltration led to overwhelming vote for Marshall Plan
C. To counterbalance Marshall Plan, Russia formed the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance
IX. Germany and Berlin
. . A. Background
. . . . 1. In order to bring WWII to an end, treaties arranged with several nations
. . . . . . a. 2 months before V.E. Day, plan for occupation of Germany agreed upon
. . . . . . b. Germany divided into eastern zone occupied by Russia and larger western zone divided among Britain, France, and US
. . . .2. Berlin was divided into East Berlin (Russian) and West Berlin (US, Britain, France)
. . B. Stalin would accept no agreement unless Germany made Communist nation under Soviet control
. . . . 1. Allied answer: unification of British/French/US zones called German Federal Republic
. . . . . . a. became vigorous commercial and industrial economy; democratic gov’t
. . . . 2. East Germany turned into People’s Republic of Germany: puppet gov’t under Soviet control
. . C. Russians place barriers so that no traffic is allowed between Berlin and West Germany
. . . . 1. attempt to force Western Allies out of Berlin; Berlin was 100mi. in Russian Germany
. . . . 2. To save West Berlin, Americans and British organize the “Berlin air lift”
. . . . . . a. population of 2.25 million supplied by planes with food, fuel. and other necessities
. . D. Display of organizational skill and air power brought settlement and resumption of normal transportation facilities
X. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1949)
A. April 4, 1949: 12 nations sign NATO; ratified by Senate on July 21st
B. Purely military defensive alliance: every NATO nation that is attacked is viewed as an attack on all
C. Truman Doctrine turned back serious threat of Soviet expansion to Mediterranean
D. Marshall Plan started recovery in western Europe
E. NATO started military defense against Soviet expansion westward into Europe
XI. Korea (1950 – 1953)
. . A. Background
. . . . 1. Korea had been under Japanese control since Russo-Japanese War
. . . . 2. Major powers agreed that Korea would be free and independent during WWII talks
. . . . . . a. Russia affirmed surrender terms with Japan accepting surrender terms
. . . . 3. Korea divided along 38th parallel after Japanese surrender: north goes to Russian troops, south to US troops
. . . . . . a. Russia viewed division of Korea as permanent, and Korea divided into Communist and democratic nation
. . B. Korean War: North Koreans cross 38th parallel (June 25, 1950)
. . . . 1. Security Council calls for withdrawal of North Korean forces and cessation of hostilities
. . . . . . a. To execute this resolution, send US troops: fast action due to absence of Soviet delegate on Security Council
. . . . 2. Truman appoints General Douglas MacArthur as commanding general of UN forces
. . . . . . a. buildup of UN troops = North Koreans pushed to southern tip to peninsula
. . . . 3. In discussing attack plan with Truman, MacArthur decides to completely destroy N. Korean forces
. . . . . . a. China had said they would not “stand idly by”, but MacArthur assumes they won’t be join the war (sadly mistaken)
. . . . 4. China joins the war, pushes UN forces back across 38th parallel
. . . . 5. MacArthur wants to launch air and naval attack against Red China; Truman rejects the plan
. . . . . . a. MacArthur makes public statements in opposition to President; fired due to insubordination to the President and General Ridgeway replaces him
. . . . 6. Fighting stopped as it had started in 1953 due to cease-fire with major casualties on all sides
. . C. End Results
. . . . 1. South Korea: democratic gov’t with vibrant economy; N. Korea: communist dictatorship with nukes
XII. Cold War, Loyalty and McCarthyism
. . A. Cold war brought fear of Communist infiltration into labor unions, education. scientific research and clergy
. . . . 1. Attempts to screen gov’t employees produced questionable results
. . . . 2. Smith Act of 1940 (Alien Registration Act): tries to control Communists by making it crime to advocate overthrow of US by force and violence
. . . . . . a. Difficult to uphold in the courts
. . B. Senator Joseph McCarthy: used issue of Communist infiltration of gov’t to gain popularity
. . . . 1. Claimed to have lists of Communists working in US Army, gov’t, and Hollywood
. . . . 2. Everyone afraid to critique McCarthy in fear of being accused of being a Communist
. . . . 3. Edward R. Murrow used television program to publicize and criticize McCarthy’s actions
. . C. McCarthy crosses the line when prosecuting the US Army
. . . . 1. Exposed McCarthy as man with no information who destroyed innocent people’s reputations
. . D. McCarthyism: accusing as a traitor anyone who dissented from approved ideas