Post by djxkorean on Aug 17, 2009 18:01:29 GMT -8
37th President Richard M. Nixon (1969 – 1974)
The MiKe(37) did not turn ON(Nixon). The SHiP couldn't hear the directions and ended up in KoRea(74).
I. Election of 1968
A. Population split into unfriendly groups and both major parties lacked unity
1. MLK Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy were both assassinated; RFK was campaigning for Democratic ticket
B. Democrats: nominates Hubert H. Humphrey (LBJ’s V.P.) and Senator Edmund S. Muskie V.P.
1. Senators Eugene McCarthy and RFK, both Democrats, had substantial following, advocated orderly but rapid withdrawal from Vietnam
2. Because Humphrey was V.P. of LBJ administration, he couldn’t actively oppose the President, resulting in a fuzzy position on Vietnam
3. Campaigning was largely ineffective
C. Republicans: nominate Richard M. Nixon with Spiro T. Agnew as V.P.
1. Nixon called for negotiated settlement in Vietnam to fulfill out treaty obligations and maintain our nat’l honor
2. Called for peace in the streets, no crime, and promised a rule of law and order
D. American Independent Party (3rd Party): George C. Wallace
1. favored resistance to desegregation in public school, military victory in Vietnam by whatever means necessary, and more state power
2. Wanted to throw election into House.
II. Reelection of 1972
A. Democrat: nominate Senator George McCovern who wins victories in the primaries
1. Democratic party was splintered: Even though Thomas Eagleton nominated as V.P., asked to step down due to severe mental depression
a. Instead, McGovern chooses Sargent Shriver as V.P. nominee
B. Republicans: renominate Nixon
C. Nixon wins by large margins but the houses of Congress remained in Democratic hands
III. The Moon Landing
A. Race for space started when Soviet Union orbited the first Earth satellite, named Sputnik
1. Led to grand race to get first man on the moon
B. July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong and Colon Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. landed on moon in Apollo 11
1. “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”
2. Michael Collins guided Apollo 11’s command module, the “Columbia,” in orbits around the moon
C. Next 8 yrs: Vietnam, urban riots, drug problem, and generally poor US state led to loss in focus on space exploration
IV. Changes in the way US runs
A. Postal Service Reorganized
1. Main objectives of change: est. a postal service that was efficient and self-supporting
a. Also to greatly lessen political interference: Postmaster General no longer member of the Cabinet
b. Heavy annual deficits, deteriorating service, and pressure from President brought transformation of Post Office Department
i. Turned into guasi-independent corporation, United States Postal Service
2. Postal Service directed by Board of governors appointed by President, with rates decided by Rates Commission and not by Congress
B. Amtrak
1. 1st major attempt to re-establish adequate railroad passenger service
2. New system cut number of trains by about 50%; number of cities served by passenger trains reduced
3. New equipment, revised service, and high speed made is superior method of mass transportation
C. Ecology
1. Nixon offered strong leadership in “war on pollution” in US early in 1970
a. Promised attack to reclaim purity of its air and waters
2. By 60s and 70s, it was clear that serious damage done to Earths resources (air and water)
a. Caused by emissions that polluted the air and caused smog in cities, human and industrial waters into waters, and hazardous wastes were piling up
3. Public concern first aroused by Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring”
4. Congress passes Cleaner Air Act: set limits on exhaust emissions from new automobiles and on factories, power plants, and incinerators
5. Nixon also est. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970
D. Energy Crisis
1. US production of crude oil was dependent on other nations
a. by 1972, domestic production was declining while domestic consumption was rising rapidly
2. Oct 1972: Arab-Israeli leads to several oil-rich Arab states to cut off shipments of oil to the US and countries that supported Israel
a. leads to energy crisis: oil refineries and service stations fail, long lines at gas stations
3. Congress startled into action and constructed Alaskan pipeline connecting oil fields with port of Valdez
a. Nixon: US will never again be dependent on any other nation for energy
b. By mid-1990s, US importing more foreign oil and producing
E. Individual Rights extended through 26th and proposed 27th Amendment
1. 26th Amendment: firs time that 18-yr olds were entitled to vote for President, Vice President, and members of Congress
2. 27th Amendment (Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)): equal protection of laws clause applies to females and males
a. failed to gain ratification by necessary 38 states
F. Consumer groups
1. Consumer groups came alive in the 1960s: President Kennedy promised 4 rights of the consumers
a. rights to safety, to be informed, to choose, and to be heard
2. Basic aim of consumer movement was to ensure that buyer is effectively protected from fraud and deceit through law
3. Ralph Nader: lawyer that was champion of consumer
a. Responsible for legislation passed by Congress in 1971: est. Consumer Protection Agency
V. War on Inflation (New Economic Policy)
A. 1971: Nixon declares war on inflation: inflation = economic enemy number 1
1. Savings accounts, insurance policies, and pension plans yielding less year by year: “intolerable and dangerous”
B. New Economic Policy implemented
1. Prices, wages, and rents were immediately frozen
2. US dollars no longer valued at any stated amount gold: became a floating dollars
3. Pay raised for federal employees were postponed; Number of federal jobs cut
4. 10% surcharge added to all import duties; 7% excise tax on automobiles repealed
5. New investments entitled investor to 10% tax credit; higher allowances on income taxes made effective earlier
C. Phase 1 lasted 90+ days, after which reevaluation made: reevaluation viewed with satisfaction so Phase 2 passed in Oct. 1971
D. Phase 2: getting rate of inflation w/in yearly increase of 2 to 3% by 1973
1. Cost of Living Council worked closely with Price Commission and Pay Board
a. Labor members on Pay Board argue that not having provisions for cutting profits is unfair
b. Resulted in reduction of Pay Board from 15 members to 7 members.
E. To avoid top-heavy bureaucracy, gov’t checked only prices charged by large businesses
VI. Pentagon Papers
A. June 13, 14, and 15, 1971, New York Times published excerpts from secret gov’t documents prepared by Pentagon under Defense Secretary Robert McNamara
1. gave detailed account of history of US involvement in Indochina
2. Daniel Ellsberg had been member of McNamara’s staf and was charged with turning over secret papers to the New York Times
B. On June 15, Department of Justice obtained restraining order that stopped publication of Pentagon Papers
1. Federal appellate courts said is was constitutional for newspapers to prints the secret documents
C. Newspapers: “fundamental responsibility” to print such material
1. Government: “publication of secret documents would cause “irreparable injury” to the nat’l defense
D. Supreme court heard case on June 30, 1971: 6-3 vote that said 1st Amendment allowed the printing of such publication
1. “Press served the governed, not the government”
VII. Cold War
. . A. Summit Conference in China
. . . . 1. US had opposed entrance to UN and official recognition of Communist China for a quarter century
. . . . . . a. Instead, the United States recognized Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist China on Taiwan
. . . . 2. Nixon tries to change foreign policy towards China
. . . . . . a. US relaxes restrictions on visitors from Communist China; both nations relaxed trade restrictions
. . . . . . b. July 1971: Nixon is invited by Communist China Premier to visit China – Nixon decides to go
. . . . . . c. United States supports the admission of Communist China in the fall of 1971
. . . . . . . . i. On the condition that US would oppose any attempt to expel Nationalist China
. . . . . . . . ii. Communist China admitted to General Assembly on Oct. 25, 1971: same day, Nationalist China is expelled from the UN
. . . . 3. 1972 visit ended 22 years of openly hostile relations between US and China
. . B. Summit Conference in the USSR
. . . . 1. May 22, 1972L Nixon arrives in Moscow for week of conferences with Soviet Union
. . . . 2. US and USSR ready to make number of agreements:
. . . . . . a. Conduct joint space teams and have scientists of both nations work together
. . . . . . b. Cease any further incidents of US and USSR warships taunting each other
. . . . . . c. cooperate in solving air and water pollution and in scientific and technological fields
. . . . 3. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT): “strategic aims” = nuclear weapons both defensive and offensive
. . . . . . a. Treaty drawn up to limit US and USSR to 100 defensive missiles at two sites with on at nation’s capital
. . . . . . b. Nuclear missiles allotted to each nation approximately equality of firepower: executive agreement, so not up to Senate approval
VIII. Yom Kippur War (October War) (Oct. 6 – 22, 1973)
. . A. October 6, 1973: massive Egyptian attack across Suez Canal pushed Israeli forces from East Bank into Sinai Peninsula
. . . . 1. Same time: Syrians attacked Golan Heights; Surprise attack on Yom Kippur (Israeli holy day), so armed forces not fully mobilized
. . B. Israel drives the Syrians from Golan Heights and Egyptians forced back to canal, but Egyptian continue to hold the East Bank (by Oct 21)
. . . . 1. Israel tanks cross East Bank and trap the Egyptian Third Army
. . C. Oct 22, 1973: US and Soviet Union introduce cease-fire resolution to the UN, which is adopted immediately
. . . . 1. UN force police the cease-fire, causing the war to sputter down to minor outbreaks (between Egypt and Israel)
. . D. Ceasefire doesn’t work on Israeli-Syrian border: constant fighting, bombing, tanks and air attacks
. . . . 1. Diplomatic efforts throughout the world lead to cease-fire by May 31, 1974
. . . . . .a. Est. border line along entire length of Golan Heights: UN force occupy part of the strip, with Israelis and Syrians occupying their own buffer zones
. . . . 2. S.o.S. Henry Kissinger shuttled from Syria to Israel to achieve separation of forces
. . . . 3. No improvement in relations between Syria and Israel for next 30+ years.
IX. Watergate 1972
. . A. The Instigator
. . . . 1. June 17, 1972: 5 men arrested in Washington D.C. Watergate Hotel complex (Democratic Party HQ)
. . . . 2. Men arrested are connected to the Republican National Committee – this incident sets off the Watergate Affair
. . . . 3. Watergate Affair: reference not just to burglary but to all crimes, illegal acts, and tricks of 1972 election connected to White House staff and Committee to Reelect President
. . B. Investigation of the Affair
. . . . 1. Committee formed to investigate Watergate was led by Democrat Sam Ervin
. . . . . . a. Purpose: gather as complete and accurate picture of presidential campaigns as possible so that Congress have knowledge to make required legislation
. . . . . . b. Most of the hearings are televised and many perpetrators of crimes were exposed
. . . . 2. President, White House staff, and Committee to Reelect the President under the cloud of
. . . . . . a. influencing the IRS to give special attention to political opponents of President Nixon
. . . . . . b. burglarizing, bugging, wiretapping, and spying on any Nixon dissenters
. . . . . . c. Utilizing the “inherent” power of the President to override laws and the Constitution
. .C. The Nixon tapes
. . . . 1. Ervin found electronic equipment that recorded and taped conversations in the Oval Office
. . . . 2. Ervin asks for the tapes, which the President refuses, setting off chain of events::
. . . . . . a. Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox (appointed by President Nixon) takes full authority to prosecute cases without interference because A.G. and D.o.J have too much to do
. . . . . . b. Oct 12, 1973: Court of Appeals orders the President to deliver the tapes to Judge Sirica: Nixon given 5 days’ grace to appeal the case to the S.C.
. . . . . . c. Cox asks for the tapes because conflicting testimony can’t be resolved without access to the tapes
. . . . . . . . i. Cox is fired by the President, while Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigns
. . . . . . d. Deputy A.H. Donald Ruckelshaus fired, and Solicitor General Robert Bork is appointed as Acting Attorney General
. . . . . . e. Nixon delivers nine of most wanted tapes to Judge Sirica: 18 minutes are missing from tape that would explain Watergate burglary and cover-up
. . . . . . f. New special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, continues to try to get more tapes and other White House records
. . . . 3. Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives examine the evidence collected by Jaworski and advise the House to impeach the President
. . . . . . a. In the mean time, Jaworski requests for more tapes, while Nixon sends more edited transcripts of tapes
. . D. The Downfall
. . . . 1. Judge Sirica uses a subpoena to President Nixon demanding tapes be delivered to Jaworski: Nixon refuses to obey
. . . . 2. Jaworski petitions the Supreme Court concerning the power of subpoena and “executive privilege”
. . . . . . a. S.C. ruling (Jun 24, 1974): Nixon legally obligated to deliver requested tapes to the Special Prosecutor Jaworski
. . . . 3. House Judiciary Committee recommends Nixon be impeached 6 days following S.C. ruling, under charges of:
. . . . . . a. obstruction of justice, abusing authority and violating oath, and subverting the Constitution
. . . . 4. Tapes are sent to Jaworski and examined after House Judiciary Committee advises impeachment
. . . . . . a. the tapes revealed direct evidence that President had taken part in and directed moves to cover up Watergate evidence
. . E. Resignation
. . . . 1. Republican leaders advise Nixon to resign as support for President weakened
. . . . 2. In a televised address, Nixon announced his resignation to take effect following day (Aug 9, 1974)
. . . . 3. V.P. Gerald Ford becomes the new President
X. V.P. Spiro T. Agnew resigns: Gerald R. Ford succeeds him
. . A. While Nixon fighting Watergate charges, V.P. Agnew was pleading no contest to income-tax evasion
. . . . 1. Agnew stated before witness: “I hereby resign the office of V.P. of the United States”
. . . . . .a. He then sends a letter of resignation to Secretary Henry Kissinger
. . B. Major charges against Agnew were dropped when Agnew plead guilty to lesser charges: were put on public record, but no state charges were filed against him
. . C. With resignation of Agnew, 25th Amendment comes into play
. . . . 1. Nixon nominates Gerald R. Ford, member of House, as new Vice President
. . . . 2. Ford is viewed as a suitable choice and takes oath of office December 6, 1973
The MiKe(37) did not turn ON(Nixon). The SHiP couldn't hear the directions and ended up in KoRea(74).
I. Election of 1968
A. Population split into unfriendly groups and both major parties lacked unity
1. MLK Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy were both assassinated; RFK was campaigning for Democratic ticket
B. Democrats: nominates Hubert H. Humphrey (LBJ’s V.P.) and Senator Edmund S. Muskie V.P.
1. Senators Eugene McCarthy and RFK, both Democrats, had substantial following, advocated orderly but rapid withdrawal from Vietnam
2. Because Humphrey was V.P. of LBJ administration, he couldn’t actively oppose the President, resulting in a fuzzy position on Vietnam
3. Campaigning was largely ineffective
C. Republicans: nominate Richard M. Nixon with Spiro T. Agnew as V.P.
1. Nixon called for negotiated settlement in Vietnam to fulfill out treaty obligations and maintain our nat’l honor
2. Called for peace in the streets, no crime, and promised a rule of law and order
D. American Independent Party (3rd Party): George C. Wallace
1. favored resistance to desegregation in public school, military victory in Vietnam by whatever means necessary, and more state power
2. Wanted to throw election into House.
II. Reelection of 1972
A. Democrat: nominate Senator George McCovern who wins victories in the primaries
1. Democratic party was splintered: Even though Thomas Eagleton nominated as V.P., asked to step down due to severe mental depression
a. Instead, McGovern chooses Sargent Shriver as V.P. nominee
B. Republicans: renominate Nixon
C. Nixon wins by large margins but the houses of Congress remained in Democratic hands
III. The Moon Landing
A. Race for space started when Soviet Union orbited the first Earth satellite, named Sputnik
1. Led to grand race to get first man on the moon
B. July 20, 1969: Neil Armstrong and Colon Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. landed on moon in Apollo 11
1. “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”
2. Michael Collins guided Apollo 11’s command module, the “Columbia,” in orbits around the moon
C. Next 8 yrs: Vietnam, urban riots, drug problem, and generally poor US state led to loss in focus on space exploration
IV. Changes in the way US runs
A. Postal Service Reorganized
1. Main objectives of change: est. a postal service that was efficient and self-supporting
a. Also to greatly lessen political interference: Postmaster General no longer member of the Cabinet
b. Heavy annual deficits, deteriorating service, and pressure from President brought transformation of Post Office Department
i. Turned into guasi-independent corporation, United States Postal Service
2. Postal Service directed by Board of governors appointed by President, with rates decided by Rates Commission and not by Congress
B. Amtrak
1. 1st major attempt to re-establish adequate railroad passenger service
2. New system cut number of trains by about 50%; number of cities served by passenger trains reduced
3. New equipment, revised service, and high speed made is superior method of mass transportation
C. Ecology
1. Nixon offered strong leadership in “war on pollution” in US early in 1970
a. Promised attack to reclaim purity of its air and waters
2. By 60s and 70s, it was clear that serious damage done to Earths resources (air and water)
a. Caused by emissions that polluted the air and caused smog in cities, human and industrial waters into waters, and hazardous wastes were piling up
3. Public concern first aroused by Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring”
4. Congress passes Cleaner Air Act: set limits on exhaust emissions from new automobiles and on factories, power plants, and incinerators
5. Nixon also est. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970
D. Energy Crisis
1. US production of crude oil was dependent on other nations
a. by 1972, domestic production was declining while domestic consumption was rising rapidly
2. Oct 1972: Arab-Israeli leads to several oil-rich Arab states to cut off shipments of oil to the US and countries that supported Israel
a. leads to energy crisis: oil refineries and service stations fail, long lines at gas stations
3. Congress startled into action and constructed Alaskan pipeline connecting oil fields with port of Valdez
a. Nixon: US will never again be dependent on any other nation for energy
b. By mid-1990s, US importing more foreign oil and producing
E. Individual Rights extended through 26th and proposed 27th Amendment
1. 26th Amendment: firs time that 18-yr olds were entitled to vote for President, Vice President, and members of Congress
2. 27th Amendment (Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)): equal protection of laws clause applies to females and males
a. failed to gain ratification by necessary 38 states
F. Consumer groups
1. Consumer groups came alive in the 1960s: President Kennedy promised 4 rights of the consumers
a. rights to safety, to be informed, to choose, and to be heard
2. Basic aim of consumer movement was to ensure that buyer is effectively protected from fraud and deceit through law
3. Ralph Nader: lawyer that was champion of consumer
a. Responsible for legislation passed by Congress in 1971: est. Consumer Protection Agency
V. War on Inflation (New Economic Policy)
A. 1971: Nixon declares war on inflation: inflation = economic enemy number 1
1. Savings accounts, insurance policies, and pension plans yielding less year by year: “intolerable and dangerous”
B. New Economic Policy implemented
1. Prices, wages, and rents were immediately frozen
2. US dollars no longer valued at any stated amount gold: became a floating dollars
3. Pay raised for federal employees were postponed; Number of federal jobs cut
4. 10% surcharge added to all import duties; 7% excise tax on automobiles repealed
5. New investments entitled investor to 10% tax credit; higher allowances on income taxes made effective earlier
C. Phase 1 lasted 90+ days, after which reevaluation made: reevaluation viewed with satisfaction so Phase 2 passed in Oct. 1971
D. Phase 2: getting rate of inflation w/in yearly increase of 2 to 3% by 1973
1. Cost of Living Council worked closely with Price Commission and Pay Board
a. Labor members on Pay Board argue that not having provisions for cutting profits is unfair
b. Resulted in reduction of Pay Board from 15 members to 7 members.
E. To avoid top-heavy bureaucracy, gov’t checked only prices charged by large businesses
VI. Pentagon Papers
A. June 13, 14, and 15, 1971, New York Times published excerpts from secret gov’t documents prepared by Pentagon under Defense Secretary Robert McNamara
1. gave detailed account of history of US involvement in Indochina
2. Daniel Ellsberg had been member of McNamara’s staf and was charged with turning over secret papers to the New York Times
B. On June 15, Department of Justice obtained restraining order that stopped publication of Pentagon Papers
1. Federal appellate courts said is was constitutional for newspapers to prints the secret documents
C. Newspapers: “fundamental responsibility” to print such material
1. Government: “publication of secret documents would cause “irreparable injury” to the nat’l defense
D. Supreme court heard case on June 30, 1971: 6-3 vote that said 1st Amendment allowed the printing of such publication
1. “Press served the governed, not the government”
VII. Cold War
. . A. Summit Conference in China
. . . . 1. US had opposed entrance to UN and official recognition of Communist China for a quarter century
. . . . . . a. Instead, the United States recognized Chiang Kai-Shek’s Nationalist China on Taiwan
. . . . 2. Nixon tries to change foreign policy towards China
. . . . . . a. US relaxes restrictions on visitors from Communist China; both nations relaxed trade restrictions
. . . . . . b. July 1971: Nixon is invited by Communist China Premier to visit China – Nixon decides to go
. . . . . . c. United States supports the admission of Communist China in the fall of 1971
. . . . . . . . i. On the condition that US would oppose any attempt to expel Nationalist China
. . . . . . . . ii. Communist China admitted to General Assembly on Oct. 25, 1971: same day, Nationalist China is expelled from the UN
. . . . 3. 1972 visit ended 22 years of openly hostile relations between US and China
. . B. Summit Conference in the USSR
. . . . 1. May 22, 1972L Nixon arrives in Moscow for week of conferences with Soviet Union
. . . . 2. US and USSR ready to make number of agreements:
. . . . . . a. Conduct joint space teams and have scientists of both nations work together
. . . . . . b. Cease any further incidents of US and USSR warships taunting each other
. . . . . . c. cooperate in solving air and water pollution and in scientific and technological fields
. . . . 3. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT): “strategic aims” = nuclear weapons both defensive and offensive
. . . . . . a. Treaty drawn up to limit US and USSR to 100 defensive missiles at two sites with on at nation’s capital
. . . . . . b. Nuclear missiles allotted to each nation approximately equality of firepower: executive agreement, so not up to Senate approval
VIII. Yom Kippur War (October War) (Oct. 6 – 22, 1973)
. . A. October 6, 1973: massive Egyptian attack across Suez Canal pushed Israeli forces from East Bank into Sinai Peninsula
. . . . 1. Same time: Syrians attacked Golan Heights; Surprise attack on Yom Kippur (Israeli holy day), so armed forces not fully mobilized
. . B. Israel drives the Syrians from Golan Heights and Egyptians forced back to canal, but Egyptian continue to hold the East Bank (by Oct 21)
. . . . 1. Israel tanks cross East Bank and trap the Egyptian Third Army
. . C. Oct 22, 1973: US and Soviet Union introduce cease-fire resolution to the UN, which is adopted immediately
. . . . 1. UN force police the cease-fire, causing the war to sputter down to minor outbreaks (between Egypt and Israel)
. . D. Ceasefire doesn’t work on Israeli-Syrian border: constant fighting, bombing, tanks and air attacks
. . . . 1. Diplomatic efforts throughout the world lead to cease-fire by May 31, 1974
. . . . . .a. Est. border line along entire length of Golan Heights: UN force occupy part of the strip, with Israelis and Syrians occupying their own buffer zones
. . . . 2. S.o.S. Henry Kissinger shuttled from Syria to Israel to achieve separation of forces
. . . . 3. No improvement in relations between Syria and Israel for next 30+ years.
IX. Watergate 1972
. . A. The Instigator
. . . . 1. June 17, 1972: 5 men arrested in Washington D.C. Watergate Hotel complex (Democratic Party HQ)
. . . . 2. Men arrested are connected to the Republican National Committee – this incident sets off the Watergate Affair
. . . . 3. Watergate Affair: reference not just to burglary but to all crimes, illegal acts, and tricks of 1972 election connected to White House staff and Committee to Reelect President
. . B. Investigation of the Affair
. . . . 1. Committee formed to investigate Watergate was led by Democrat Sam Ervin
. . . . . . a. Purpose: gather as complete and accurate picture of presidential campaigns as possible so that Congress have knowledge to make required legislation
. . . . . . b. Most of the hearings are televised and many perpetrators of crimes were exposed
. . . . 2. President, White House staff, and Committee to Reelect the President under the cloud of
. . . . . . a. influencing the IRS to give special attention to political opponents of President Nixon
. . . . . . b. burglarizing, bugging, wiretapping, and spying on any Nixon dissenters
. . . . . . c. Utilizing the “inherent” power of the President to override laws and the Constitution
. .C. The Nixon tapes
. . . . 1. Ervin found electronic equipment that recorded and taped conversations in the Oval Office
. . . . 2. Ervin asks for the tapes, which the President refuses, setting off chain of events::
. . . . . . a. Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox (appointed by President Nixon) takes full authority to prosecute cases without interference because A.G. and D.o.J have too much to do
. . . . . . b. Oct 12, 1973: Court of Appeals orders the President to deliver the tapes to Judge Sirica: Nixon given 5 days’ grace to appeal the case to the S.C.
. . . . . . c. Cox asks for the tapes because conflicting testimony can’t be resolved without access to the tapes
. . . . . . . . i. Cox is fired by the President, while Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigns
. . . . . . d. Deputy A.H. Donald Ruckelshaus fired, and Solicitor General Robert Bork is appointed as Acting Attorney General
. . . . . . e. Nixon delivers nine of most wanted tapes to Judge Sirica: 18 minutes are missing from tape that would explain Watergate burglary and cover-up
. . . . . . f. New special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, continues to try to get more tapes and other White House records
. . . . 3. Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives examine the evidence collected by Jaworski and advise the House to impeach the President
. . . . . . a. In the mean time, Jaworski requests for more tapes, while Nixon sends more edited transcripts of tapes
. . D. The Downfall
. . . . 1. Judge Sirica uses a subpoena to President Nixon demanding tapes be delivered to Jaworski: Nixon refuses to obey
. . . . 2. Jaworski petitions the Supreme Court concerning the power of subpoena and “executive privilege”
. . . . . . a. S.C. ruling (Jun 24, 1974): Nixon legally obligated to deliver requested tapes to the Special Prosecutor Jaworski
. . . . 3. House Judiciary Committee recommends Nixon be impeached 6 days following S.C. ruling, under charges of:
. . . . . . a. obstruction of justice, abusing authority and violating oath, and subverting the Constitution
. . . . 4. Tapes are sent to Jaworski and examined after House Judiciary Committee advises impeachment
. . . . . . a. the tapes revealed direct evidence that President had taken part in and directed moves to cover up Watergate evidence
. . E. Resignation
. . . . 1. Republican leaders advise Nixon to resign as support for President weakened
. . . . 2. In a televised address, Nixon announced his resignation to take effect following day (Aug 9, 1974)
. . . . 3. V.P. Gerald Ford becomes the new President
X. V.P. Spiro T. Agnew resigns: Gerald R. Ford succeeds him
. . A. While Nixon fighting Watergate charges, V.P. Agnew was pleading no contest to income-tax evasion
. . . . 1. Agnew stated before witness: “I hereby resign the office of V.P. of the United States”
. . . . . .a. He then sends a letter of resignation to Secretary Henry Kissinger
. . B. Major charges against Agnew were dropped when Agnew plead guilty to lesser charges: were put on public record, but no state charges were filed against him
. . C. With resignation of Agnew, 25th Amendment comes into play
. . . . 1. Nixon nominates Gerald R. Ford, member of House, as new Vice President
. . . . 2. Ford is viewed as a suitable choice and takes oath of office December 6, 1973