Post by djxkorean on Aug 25, 2009 3:20:16 GMT -8
38th President Gerald R. Ford (1974 – 1977)
While driving my FORD(Ford), I got MuGged(38) because I was made in KoRea(74). My mugger was a KooK(77).
I. Pardoning Nixon
A. Gerald Ford becomes President Aug. 9, 1974, after Nixon’s resignation
1. First non-elected President in US History
B. Immediate interest: What happens to Nixon?
1. President Ford grants Richard Nixon a full and absolute pardon (Sept 1974)
a. Although eventual pardon considered likely, most thought it wouldn’t be until guilt had been legally established
II. Ford’s Asian Trip
A. Nov. 1974: Ford and Soviet leader Leonid Breshnev meet in eastern USSR
1. Reached tentative decisions to be confirmed at future conference
a. Ceiling placed on number of ICBMs, multiple warheads and bombers; limits higher than number already reached by US or USSR
2. Indicated policy of “détente”: US and USSR seek agreements to prevent nuclear 3rd world war
B. Ford then tours Asia: Japan (4days as goodwill gesture) and Korea (1day to show North Korea that US is still Korean ally)
1. Gave status to Ford’s experience in foreign policy
III. Congress and Supreme Court
A. Senate and House make own rules on how they organize
1. Congressional seniority system of appointing chairpersons reformed early in Dec. 1974
2. House Democrats: reorganize Ways and Means Committee (chose members to serve on other House committees)
a. Chairman of Ways and Means Committee had become one of most influential men in Congress through power of appointment
b. Democratic caucus: increased size of Ways and Means Committee
c. Power to appoint members to other committees transferred to Steering and Policy Committee; no member could serve on 2 committees at same time
d. 3 Major committee chairman (all Democrats) voted out of seniority-held positions and replaced by other Democrats
B. Ford and Congress
1. President Ford and Congress weren’t in good terms: Congress looked down on the President and the Executive Branch
a. Ford was not elected and held less prestige; Nixon’s abuse of executive privilege; Ford grants Nixon a full pardon before legal guilt
b. Democratic Congress was cause of conflict as well; Republican President and Democratic President blame each other
C. Supreme Court decisions
1. School pupils cannot be suspended w/o being told of charges against them and w/o chance to tell their own story
2. President has no right to “freeze” funds appropriated by Congress (Nixon backlash)
3. US has title to oil and gas found in Atlantic Continental Shelf beyond 3-mile limit
4. Utah law considering women legal adults at 18 and men at 21 declared unconstitutional
5. Court upholds Georgia decision to hold Georgia official liable for refusing to accept job application from white man because he was married to a black woman
IV. Int’l Events (1975)
A. April 30, 1975: Vietnam War ends when N. Vietnamese troops take over South Vietnam – Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City
B. First of Helsinki Accords signed by Canada: US, USSR, and members of Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
1. increased cooperation between nations of Eastern and Western Europe
2. Main goal: reduce int’l tensions associated with Cold War – Western countries recognize Eastern European boundaries
3. All signers promise to respect human rights = popular demand for exercise of human rights in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union
a. Cause of democratic revolutions and eventual collapse of Communist gov’ts
V. Federal Campaign Finance Law (Passed 1974; Revised 1976)
A. Set up 6 member Federal Election Commission: power to investigate alleged violations of law and carry out its provisions
B. Applied to presidential primaries of 1976
1. FEC can impose fines for each violation of law in civil case: criminal violations handled by D.o.J.
2. Political Action Committees formed by membership organization can contribute no more than $5,000 per candidate
a. Even when several Political Committees exist in membership organization, total from all must not exceed $5,000
3. Individual may contribute any amount to support a candidate: if amount $100+, than donor must certify of no coercion by candidate
4. Whenever membership organization spends $2,000+ on political communication to support part or candidate, amount must be disclosed
C. President primaries and presidential election expenses financed by many small contributions from $1 check-off on income-tax returns
D. Intent of reforms severely challenged in later presidential and congressional elections
VI. Conrail (1976)
A. Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail): combined seven railroads in northeastern US to revitalize service
1. Most of railroads were bankrupt or nearly so
B. quasi-gov’tal merger = last attempt to aavoid outright gov’t ownership and operation of railroads
C. Conrail handles ~1/4th of nation’s freight; used gov’t funds to improve roadbeds and equipment was a loan to be later repaid
D. Served as a mainly freight service system, while Amtrak is a passenger service system
VII. Presidential Nominating Conventions (1976)
A. Democrats: nominates James E. Carter with Senator Mondale as VP
1. Carter was not nationally known, but won more primaries than any other Democratic hopeful to win nomination
2. Party Platform and VP choice were decisions that Carter made
B. Republicans: nominates Gerald R. Ford with Senator Dole as V.P.
1. Although Ford was originally going to be unopposed as nominee, former CA Governor Reagan picked up substantial support
a. Reagan represented more conservative wing, while Ford occupied a more middle position
39th President James E. Carter (1977 – 1981)
Jimmy needed a MaP(39) to go around the grocery store with my CART(Carter). He was looking for stuff to CooK(77) to give his Goat(81).
I. Election in 1976
A. Large question of “Who is Jimmy Carter” asked early in the election
B. Neither candidate was a great leader of his party
1. Many Ford supporters felt Ford wasn’t great, but was better than Carter
2. Carter supporters doubted effectiveness of Carter, but judged he would be better than Ford
C. Democrats win Presidency and both houses of Congress
II. Panama Canal Treaties
A. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty’s 99 year renewable lease was up for consideration (extend the lease or terminate?)
B. President Carter favored termination: plenty of time for gradual turnover of technical and administrative function to Panama
1. Treaties: return control of Panama Canal Zone and operation of canal to Panama; the US and Panama provides for defense of canal
2. Clauses in treaty concerning defense of Canal gave US rather complete freedom of action
3. Both treaties signed Sept 7, 1977 by representatives of both nations
C. Ratification of the two treaties were delayed by vigorous opposition in Senate (barely squeaks by)
D. Important reasons for terminating the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty:
1. Refusla = bitterness against US in Central and South America republics; no reason to justify renewal of lease give US complete control
III. United States and the Middle East
A. Nov 1977: President Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt announces to parliament of willingness to negotiate peace with Israel
1. Prime Minister Menachem Begin invites Sadat to address the Israeli Knesset
B. Both leaders address to much of the world of rejection of war as method to settle Middle Eastern problems
1. Sadat suggests negotiations be furthered by US, UN, and USSR
C. Sadat arranges conference in Cairo, Egypt: only Egypt, Israel, US, and UN represented
1. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), USSR, Lebanon, and Jordan invited by did not attend
2. Sadat and Begin presented proposals for eventual treaty, but no binding agreements made
D. August 1978: Carter invites Begin and Sadat to Camp David for Middle East talks
1. Tentative agreements concerning Israeli occupation of Sinai Peninsula, oil in Sinai, West Bank and Gaza strip, status and PLO, and status of Jerusalem
2. Camp David Accord: sets the basis of treaty of peace between Israel and Egypt
a. Israel returns all of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt; both agree to end state of war, return of 2/3s of Sinai to Egypt = “friendly” relations
IV. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) II Agreement (1979)
A. extension of Nixon-Kosygin SALT I in 1972 (expired Dec, 31, 1977)
1. highly complicated and technical agreement limiting strategic nuclear-delivery vehicles to 2,250 for each nation
2. Set limits on number of warheads on each missile and missile weights
B. Ratification ran into trouble in Senate because the treaty gave Soviets nuclear superiority
1. Never ratified after Soviets invade Afghanistan, but Carter and Reagan honored its terms
V. Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant (March 29, 1979)
A. Middletown, Pennsylvania: reactor in nuclear power plant overheated and released low-level radioactive gases
1. Metal parts melted and presented reality that hydrogen bubble formed in reactor would explode unless cooling-off induced
2. Evacuation of children and pregnant women living w/in 5 miles of Three Mile Island
B. Nuclear power plans was answer to US shortage of electric power before Three Mile Island incident
1. After: nuclear power plants was 1st place as major threat to public safety; caused 2nd look at nuclear power plants = quick reversal of public opinion
a. Workers exposed to “tolerable” amounts of radioactive radiation had higher-than-usual incidence of cancer
b. Nuclear wastes remain active for thousands of years without a way to dispose of the waste
c. Nuclear power plants have lives of ~35 years: what to do after – have to dispose nuclear waste and radioactive radiation remains
d. Regulations concerning operation of the plants were inadequate and largely unenforced
e. Employees in nuclear power plants were not competent to perform duties of their position
f. Some plants poorly located in densely populated areas: not enough attention to winds that would carry radiation
g. Faulty design was part of cause of Three Mile Island malfunction with other plants of same design: big safety concern
VI. The Energy Problem (1979)
A. OPEC, Three Mile Island, and gas lines showed US public that there was a genuine energy problem
1. 1979 revolution in Iran ended country’s oil shipments and disrupted world oil supply: gas shortages and cost of gas/oil rise rapidly
B. Carter’s Energy Plan (July 15, 1979) – cut down foreign oil imports and American reliance on petroleum; asked Congress to:
1. Commit funds and resources to develop alternative energy sources
2. Require nation’s utilities to reduce use of oil by 50 percent
3. Spend additional $10 billion on public mass transportation
C. None of Carter’s Energy Plan happened: Carter attacks oil lobby in 1979, but its control on Congress to powerful
VII. US Embassy at Tehran, Iran seized (Nov. 4, 1979)
A. Background
1. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi inherited throne in 1941 with WWII events accepting Pahlavi as the Shah
a. US, Soviet Union, and England favored Shah as most likely to achieve stability
b. 30 years later, Ayatollah Komeini claims that US played leading role in est. Shah as leader and called out US influence in Iran
2. Shah proclaims “White Revolution” (1953) as way of westernizing the republic
a. Many factories and major dams (hydroelectric power) built
b. Tremendous land reform: more than half of the population given lands on which to settle*
c. Compulsory education and women’s suffrage established*
d. Enormous military buildup in armament, most of it bought from the US*
e. 1972: grand celebration of Persia’s 2,500th anniversary observed in Tehran with Nixon as guest
f. *led to problems
3. White Revolution alienates Iranians: wealthy and religious – American influence is negative problem
4. Early 1970s: Shah’s Secret police arrest and execute many people in Iran
a. By middle of 1970s, rioting, strikes, and general disorder prevailed: 12 cities under martial law in 1978
b. Ayatollahs joined the people, and a full-fledged revolution was under way: Ayatollah Khomeini exiled by Shah but still plays important factor
5. Shah leaves Iran in Jan 16, 1979, seeking medical care, after which the revolution ends and the Ayatollah comes to power
B. The Seize
1. Nov 4, 1979: mob of militant students attacked and occupied US embassy, taking 52 hostages
a. Hostages will be released only when US returns the Shah to Iran
2. All of Carter’s attempts to free the hostages failed
a. Froze all of Iranian assets in the US until US released the hostages
b. Iran refuses to free the hostages for 1 year and 79 days: difficulty of negotiating with Iran
3. April 1980: Carter authorizes rescue attempt to free the hostages – Fails horribly
a. Commander and officers decide not to attempt rescue after technically difficulties; on return, desert winds cause helicopter crash (8 dead)
C. Catalysts for negotiations
1. Sept. 22, 1980: Iran victim of surprise attack by its neighbor Iraq: outbreak of long-standing quarrel over oil lands
2. Election of Ronald Reagan on Nov. 1980: Reagan talks tough on Iranian situation
a. Reagan pushes for buildup of military power of US: between election and inauguration, agreement reached
b. 52 hostages released after Reagan had been President for less than half an hour
D. Terms of Settlement
1. Assets of late Shah and his 53 relatives/associates were property of Iran: US won’t stop Iran from locating and recovering assets
2. Any claims US had against Iran and Iran against US submitted to international arbitration
E. Iranian Revolution of 1979 shows Muslim religious leaders ability o gather political power and discontent against US
VIII. Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980)
A. Signed by President Carter on December 2nd
B. Total area of national parks doubled with 4 types of restricted areas
1. National Park System, National Wildlife Refuge System, National Conservation and Recreation Area, and National Forest System
C. Political problem in Congress solved by compromise: some oil, mining, and timber resources made available for development
IX. Carter after the White House
A. Carter taught at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia for 10+ years after losing reelection
B. Est. Carter Center at Emory: dedicated to eradicating disease and promoting cooperation among diplomats, scholars, and others of different viewpoints
C. Worked in Habitat for Humanity: built housing for low-income families in rural hollows and urban slums
D. 2002: Jimmy Carter awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
Commentary:
While driving my FORD(Ford), I got MuGged(38) because I was made in KoRea(74). My mugger was a KooK(77).
I. Pardoning Nixon
A. Gerald Ford becomes President Aug. 9, 1974, after Nixon’s resignation
1. First non-elected President in US History
B. Immediate interest: What happens to Nixon?
1. President Ford grants Richard Nixon a full and absolute pardon (Sept 1974)
a. Although eventual pardon considered likely, most thought it wouldn’t be until guilt had been legally established
II. Ford’s Asian Trip
A. Nov. 1974: Ford and Soviet leader Leonid Breshnev meet in eastern USSR
1. Reached tentative decisions to be confirmed at future conference
a. Ceiling placed on number of ICBMs, multiple warheads and bombers; limits higher than number already reached by US or USSR
2. Indicated policy of “détente”: US and USSR seek agreements to prevent nuclear 3rd world war
B. Ford then tours Asia: Japan (4days as goodwill gesture) and Korea (1day to show North Korea that US is still Korean ally)
1. Gave status to Ford’s experience in foreign policy
III. Congress and Supreme Court
A. Senate and House make own rules on how they organize
1. Congressional seniority system of appointing chairpersons reformed early in Dec. 1974
2. House Democrats: reorganize Ways and Means Committee (chose members to serve on other House committees)
a. Chairman of Ways and Means Committee had become one of most influential men in Congress through power of appointment
b. Democratic caucus: increased size of Ways and Means Committee
c. Power to appoint members to other committees transferred to Steering and Policy Committee; no member could serve on 2 committees at same time
d. 3 Major committee chairman (all Democrats) voted out of seniority-held positions and replaced by other Democrats
B. Ford and Congress
1. President Ford and Congress weren’t in good terms: Congress looked down on the President and the Executive Branch
a. Ford was not elected and held less prestige; Nixon’s abuse of executive privilege; Ford grants Nixon a full pardon before legal guilt
b. Democratic Congress was cause of conflict as well; Republican President and Democratic President blame each other
C. Supreme Court decisions
1. School pupils cannot be suspended w/o being told of charges against them and w/o chance to tell their own story
2. President has no right to “freeze” funds appropriated by Congress (Nixon backlash)
3. US has title to oil and gas found in Atlantic Continental Shelf beyond 3-mile limit
4. Utah law considering women legal adults at 18 and men at 21 declared unconstitutional
5. Court upholds Georgia decision to hold Georgia official liable for refusing to accept job application from white man because he was married to a black woman
IV. Int’l Events (1975)
A. April 30, 1975: Vietnam War ends when N. Vietnamese troops take over South Vietnam – Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City
B. First of Helsinki Accords signed by Canada: US, USSR, and members of Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
1. increased cooperation between nations of Eastern and Western Europe
2. Main goal: reduce int’l tensions associated with Cold War – Western countries recognize Eastern European boundaries
3. All signers promise to respect human rights = popular demand for exercise of human rights in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union
a. Cause of democratic revolutions and eventual collapse of Communist gov’ts
V. Federal Campaign Finance Law (Passed 1974; Revised 1976)
A. Set up 6 member Federal Election Commission: power to investigate alleged violations of law and carry out its provisions
B. Applied to presidential primaries of 1976
1. FEC can impose fines for each violation of law in civil case: criminal violations handled by D.o.J.
2. Political Action Committees formed by membership organization can contribute no more than $5,000 per candidate
a. Even when several Political Committees exist in membership organization, total from all must not exceed $5,000
3. Individual may contribute any amount to support a candidate: if amount $100+, than donor must certify of no coercion by candidate
4. Whenever membership organization spends $2,000+ on political communication to support part or candidate, amount must be disclosed
C. President primaries and presidential election expenses financed by many small contributions from $1 check-off on income-tax returns
D. Intent of reforms severely challenged in later presidential and congressional elections
VI. Conrail (1976)
A. Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail): combined seven railroads in northeastern US to revitalize service
1. Most of railroads were bankrupt or nearly so
B. quasi-gov’tal merger = last attempt to aavoid outright gov’t ownership and operation of railroads
C. Conrail handles ~1/4th of nation’s freight; used gov’t funds to improve roadbeds and equipment was a loan to be later repaid
D. Served as a mainly freight service system, while Amtrak is a passenger service system
VII. Presidential Nominating Conventions (1976)
A. Democrats: nominates James E. Carter with Senator Mondale as VP
1. Carter was not nationally known, but won more primaries than any other Democratic hopeful to win nomination
2. Party Platform and VP choice were decisions that Carter made
B. Republicans: nominates Gerald R. Ford with Senator Dole as V.P.
1. Although Ford was originally going to be unopposed as nominee, former CA Governor Reagan picked up substantial support
a. Reagan represented more conservative wing, while Ford occupied a more middle position
39th President James E. Carter (1977 – 1981)
Jimmy needed a MaP(39) to go around the grocery store with my CART(Carter). He was looking for stuff to CooK(77) to give his Goat(81).
I. Election in 1976
A. Large question of “Who is Jimmy Carter” asked early in the election
B. Neither candidate was a great leader of his party
1. Many Ford supporters felt Ford wasn’t great, but was better than Carter
2. Carter supporters doubted effectiveness of Carter, but judged he would be better than Ford
C. Democrats win Presidency and both houses of Congress
II. Panama Canal Treaties
A. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty’s 99 year renewable lease was up for consideration (extend the lease or terminate?)
B. President Carter favored termination: plenty of time for gradual turnover of technical and administrative function to Panama
1. Treaties: return control of Panama Canal Zone and operation of canal to Panama; the US and Panama provides for defense of canal
2. Clauses in treaty concerning defense of Canal gave US rather complete freedom of action
3. Both treaties signed Sept 7, 1977 by representatives of both nations
C. Ratification of the two treaties were delayed by vigorous opposition in Senate (barely squeaks by)
D. Important reasons for terminating the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty:
1. Refusla = bitterness against US in Central and South America republics; no reason to justify renewal of lease give US complete control
III. United States and the Middle East
A. Nov 1977: President Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt announces to parliament of willingness to negotiate peace with Israel
1. Prime Minister Menachem Begin invites Sadat to address the Israeli Knesset
B. Both leaders address to much of the world of rejection of war as method to settle Middle Eastern problems
1. Sadat suggests negotiations be furthered by US, UN, and USSR
C. Sadat arranges conference in Cairo, Egypt: only Egypt, Israel, US, and UN represented
1. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), USSR, Lebanon, and Jordan invited by did not attend
2. Sadat and Begin presented proposals for eventual treaty, but no binding agreements made
D. August 1978: Carter invites Begin and Sadat to Camp David for Middle East talks
1. Tentative agreements concerning Israeli occupation of Sinai Peninsula, oil in Sinai, West Bank and Gaza strip, status and PLO, and status of Jerusalem
2. Camp David Accord: sets the basis of treaty of peace between Israel and Egypt
a. Israel returns all of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt; both agree to end state of war, return of 2/3s of Sinai to Egypt = “friendly” relations
IV. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) II Agreement (1979)
A. extension of Nixon-Kosygin SALT I in 1972 (expired Dec, 31, 1977)
1. highly complicated and technical agreement limiting strategic nuclear-delivery vehicles to 2,250 for each nation
2. Set limits on number of warheads on each missile and missile weights
B. Ratification ran into trouble in Senate because the treaty gave Soviets nuclear superiority
1. Never ratified after Soviets invade Afghanistan, but Carter and Reagan honored its terms
V. Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant (March 29, 1979)
A. Middletown, Pennsylvania: reactor in nuclear power plant overheated and released low-level radioactive gases
1. Metal parts melted and presented reality that hydrogen bubble formed in reactor would explode unless cooling-off induced
2. Evacuation of children and pregnant women living w/in 5 miles of Three Mile Island
B. Nuclear power plans was answer to US shortage of electric power before Three Mile Island incident
1. After: nuclear power plants was 1st place as major threat to public safety; caused 2nd look at nuclear power plants = quick reversal of public opinion
a. Workers exposed to “tolerable” amounts of radioactive radiation had higher-than-usual incidence of cancer
b. Nuclear wastes remain active for thousands of years without a way to dispose of the waste
c. Nuclear power plants have lives of ~35 years: what to do after – have to dispose nuclear waste and radioactive radiation remains
d. Regulations concerning operation of the plants were inadequate and largely unenforced
e. Employees in nuclear power plants were not competent to perform duties of their position
f. Some plants poorly located in densely populated areas: not enough attention to winds that would carry radiation
g. Faulty design was part of cause of Three Mile Island malfunction with other plants of same design: big safety concern
VI. The Energy Problem (1979)
A. OPEC, Three Mile Island, and gas lines showed US public that there was a genuine energy problem
1. 1979 revolution in Iran ended country’s oil shipments and disrupted world oil supply: gas shortages and cost of gas/oil rise rapidly
B. Carter’s Energy Plan (July 15, 1979) – cut down foreign oil imports and American reliance on petroleum; asked Congress to:
1. Commit funds and resources to develop alternative energy sources
2. Require nation’s utilities to reduce use of oil by 50 percent
3. Spend additional $10 billion on public mass transportation
C. None of Carter’s Energy Plan happened: Carter attacks oil lobby in 1979, but its control on Congress to powerful
VII. US Embassy at Tehran, Iran seized (Nov. 4, 1979)
A. Background
1. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi inherited throne in 1941 with WWII events accepting Pahlavi as the Shah
a. US, Soviet Union, and England favored Shah as most likely to achieve stability
b. 30 years later, Ayatollah Komeini claims that US played leading role in est. Shah as leader and called out US influence in Iran
2. Shah proclaims “White Revolution” (1953) as way of westernizing the republic
a. Many factories and major dams (hydroelectric power) built
b. Tremendous land reform: more than half of the population given lands on which to settle*
c. Compulsory education and women’s suffrage established*
d. Enormous military buildup in armament, most of it bought from the US*
e. 1972: grand celebration of Persia’s 2,500th anniversary observed in Tehran with Nixon as guest
f. *led to problems
3. White Revolution alienates Iranians: wealthy and religious – American influence is negative problem
4. Early 1970s: Shah’s Secret police arrest and execute many people in Iran
a. By middle of 1970s, rioting, strikes, and general disorder prevailed: 12 cities under martial law in 1978
b. Ayatollahs joined the people, and a full-fledged revolution was under way: Ayatollah Khomeini exiled by Shah but still plays important factor
5. Shah leaves Iran in Jan 16, 1979, seeking medical care, after which the revolution ends and the Ayatollah comes to power
B. The Seize
1. Nov 4, 1979: mob of militant students attacked and occupied US embassy, taking 52 hostages
a. Hostages will be released only when US returns the Shah to Iran
2. All of Carter’s attempts to free the hostages failed
a. Froze all of Iranian assets in the US until US released the hostages
b. Iran refuses to free the hostages for 1 year and 79 days: difficulty of negotiating with Iran
3. April 1980: Carter authorizes rescue attempt to free the hostages – Fails horribly
a. Commander and officers decide not to attempt rescue after technically difficulties; on return, desert winds cause helicopter crash (8 dead)
C. Catalysts for negotiations
1. Sept. 22, 1980: Iran victim of surprise attack by its neighbor Iraq: outbreak of long-standing quarrel over oil lands
2. Election of Ronald Reagan on Nov. 1980: Reagan talks tough on Iranian situation
a. Reagan pushes for buildup of military power of US: between election and inauguration, agreement reached
b. 52 hostages released after Reagan had been President for less than half an hour
D. Terms of Settlement
1. Assets of late Shah and his 53 relatives/associates were property of Iran: US won’t stop Iran from locating and recovering assets
2. Any claims US had against Iran and Iran against US submitted to international arbitration
E. Iranian Revolution of 1979 shows Muslim religious leaders ability o gather political power and discontent against US
VIII. Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980)
A. Signed by President Carter on December 2nd
B. Total area of national parks doubled with 4 types of restricted areas
1. National Park System, National Wildlife Refuge System, National Conservation and Recreation Area, and National Forest System
C. Political problem in Congress solved by compromise: some oil, mining, and timber resources made available for development
IX. Carter after the White House
A. Carter taught at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia for 10+ years after losing reelection
B. Est. Carter Center at Emory: dedicated to eradicating disease and promoting cooperation among diplomats, scholars, and others of different viewpoints
C. Worked in Habitat for Humanity: built housing for low-income families in rural hollows and urban slums
D. 2002: Jimmy Carter awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
Commentary: