Post by djxkorean on Jul 22, 2009 20:12:26 GMT -8
2nd President John Adams (1797-1801) - Federalist
ADAM(Adams) was given the rule: "No(2) burning BooKs (97), or else you will be covered in SooT (01)
I. Election
. . A. 1st presidential election along party lines
. . B. John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson - John Adams wins with Thomas Jefferson 2nd place: therefore, Jefferson becomes V.P.
. . . . a. changed by 12th Amendment (1804)
. . C. Main issue of campaign: Jay Treaty
II. XYZ Affair (1797)
. . A. American people unhappy about the Jay Treaty
. . B. France viewed it as violation of Treaty of Alliance of 1778
. . C. Not aiding France also violation of Treaty of Alliance of 1778
. . . . 1. 1797- French begin attacking out shipping
. . . . 2. Directory in charge of France - Talleyrand (foreign minister of Directory)
. . . . . . a. tries to take advantage of US weakness and sympathy for French Revolution
. . D. President Adams hopes to avoid war
. . . . 1. Sends Charles C. Pinckney, Elbridge G. Gerry, and John Marshall - tries to make acceptable terms with France
. . . . . . a. 3 "unofficial" envoys inform 3 US commisioners that they should prepare bribe and French loan before talks
. . . . . . . . i. "unofficial" enyos referred to as "X, Y, and Z"
. . . . . . b. Demand for bribe and loan as conditions to arrange for official talks between gov'ts outrageous
. . E. US prepares for war = French Talleyrand pretends XYZ no connection to France (acted without French knowledge)
. . F. Negotiations ensue - decide that Treaty of Alliance of 1778 not in effect
. . . . 1. In meantime, full fledged naval war between France and US
. . . . . . a. US drove French commerce out of West Indian waters
III. Fall of the Federalist Party
. . A. Naturalization Act and Alien Act and Sedition Act(1798)
. . . . 1. Aliens could not become citizens until 14 years of residence (NA)
. . . . 2. President has power to depart all aliens considered dangerous (AA)
. . . . 3. any false, scandalous, and malicious writing about Us gov't, Congress, or President subject to fine and imprisonment (SA)
. . . . 4. persons unlawfully conspiring to oppose any law or official of gov't subject to fine and imprisonment (SA)
. . . . 5. truth of statements published shall be accepted (SA)
. . B. Laws were designed to weaken the Republican Party
. . . . 1. most naturalized citizens were Republican
. . . . 2. immigrant overwhelmingly vote Republican
. . C. after XYZ affair, was supposed to look like US was defending against foreign menace
. . . . 1. However, viewed as violation of 1st Amendment
. . . . 2. Looked as if Federalists were being underhanded, and crushed Federalist support
. . C. Midnight Judges (Feb 1801- March 1801)
. . . . 1. Occured less than a week before Jefferson's Inauguration
. . . . . . a. An attempt to maintain Federalist control of the Judicial Branch
. . . . 2. Adams signs the Judiciary Act of 1801
. . . . . . a. changes from 6 to 5 justices in Supreme court
. . . . . . b. 16 more circuit court judgeships
. . . . . . c. provides jobs for marshals, attorneys, and clerks
. . . . 3. Some of these judgeships and jobs signed on last night of Adam's term
. . . . 4. Proved that Federalist party had defied public opinion (purely political purposes)
IV. Kentucky and Virginia Resolution (Nov. and Dec. 1798)
. . A. Jefferson writes Kentucky Resolutions, Madison writes Virginia Resolutions
. . B. Alarmed at growing power of central gov't under "loose" construction, and sure that Sedition ACt and Alien Act = unconstitutional
. . C. Main Points of the Resolutions
. . . . 1. States made a compact known as the Constitution
. . . . 2. Constitution sets up general gov't for special purposes, gave it definite powers, and reserved to each state all other rights and powers
. . . . 3. General government assumes undelegated powers, it is unauthoritative, void, and of no force
. . . . 4. Central gov't not final or exclusive judge of extent of powers delegated to itself
. . . . 5. 10th amendment makes limited power of general gov't clear
. . D. Significance of Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
. . . . 1. Gave the right of a state to withdraw from the Union
. . . . 2. Allowed both nullification of laws or Congress by states and withdrawal of states from the Union obviously lawful steps for states to take.
. . . . . . a. Constitution says nothing about these things, so rights given to states
3rd President Thomas Jefferson ((1801-1809) - Republican
A Moo-ing (2) cow burned the Declaration of Independence(Jefferson). The cow was covered in SooT(01) so it had to be cleaned with SoaP(09).
I. Election and Reelection
. . A. Main Issues: Alien and Sedition Acts; relations with England and France
. . B. Impressment and Jay Treaty create anti-English sentiment = hurts Federalists
. . C. Alexander Hamilton and President Adams split the Federalist party.
. . . . 1. argue on how to handle France relations leads to inner-party fighting than against the Republicans
. . D. Reelection of Jefferson (1804) - 1st time members of Electoral College vote separately for President and Vice President (12th Amendment)
II. Marbury v. Madison
. . A. Looking Back at Midnight Judges - William Marbury appointed as justice of peace in District of Columbia by President Adams
. . . . 1. However, James Madison (under Jefferson) told not to deliver "midnight" appointees
. . B. Marbury asks for writ of mandamus: basically an order by court that tells someone to do something
. . . . 1. Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed writ of mandamus to any officer of United States by Supreme Court
. . . . 2. Jefferson tells Madison to ignore mandamus
. . C. Marbury takes this to the Supreme Court who makes following decision:
. . . . 1. Marbury was entitled to his commission
. . . . 2. Duty of President to see that commission was delivered to Marbury
. . . . 3. Writ of mandamus was unconstitutional and couldn't be issued
. . . . . . a. Gave unfair power of Congress over Supreme Court and violation of separation of powers
. . . . . . b. Enlarged original jurisdiction of Supreme Court, which was fixed by Constitution (not subject to change in Congress)
. . D. Significance
. . . . 1. Jefferson gets petty political victory - allowed to withhold commissions to several "midnight" appointees
. . . . 2. Est. judicial review of laws of Congress
. . . . 3. Victory for "loose construction" of Constitution and tendency toward stronger federal gov't
III. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
. . A. Details to the purchase
. . . . 1. Bought for $15 million and doubled size of the nation
. . . . 2. Negotiations overlooked by Robert Livingston (minister to France) and James Monroe
. . . . 3. France had taken over Spain at the time and thus Pinckney Treaty of 1795 was largely useless
. . . . . . a. France refused to give just New Orleans, instead gave all of Louisiana
. . . . . . b. United States need control of Mississippi River due to large volume of trade.
. . . . . . . . i. Lots of hatred from Southern states towards "original 13"
. . . . . . . . ii. Jefferson afraid that Southwest fall away from US if it meant loyalty vs. use of Mississippi River
. . . . . . . . iii. Loss of Mississippi River = internal troubles
. . . . 4. France and Britain at war
. . . . . . a. Whichever side wins, the United State will be completely surrounded by great empire nation - Dangerous
. . . . 5. United States given great offer and it takes it (without Senate approval) -> Senate Later approves of the purchase
. . B. French Incentive to sell Louisiana
. . . . 1. France tried to take over Haiti (slave revolts) and then take control of New Orleans
. . . . 2. Effective leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture of slaves of Haiti and damaging resistance to French makes them give up on Western Empire
. . . . 3. Louisiana now useless, so Napoleon cuts his losses, and tries to get as much cash as possible in war effort
. . . . 4. Didn't want England to get its hands on Louisiana
. . C. Personal Problems with purchase by Jefferson
. . . . 1. Nowhere in Constitution does it say anything about acquiring land from other countries
. . . . . . a. Therefore, this power should go the the states
. . . . 2. Step aside from "strict" interpretation of Constitution to buy Louisiana Purchase: violates his own basic principles
. . . . 3. Doesn't go to Congress or else offer will be taken aback, so places nat'l necessity above all else
. . D. Lewis and Clark Expedition
. . . . 1. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory.
. . . . 2. Wrote reports on plants, animals, Native Americans, soils, rivers, and type of country
. . . . 3. Scientific and exploring undertaking - told to avoid trouble with Native Americans and find a pass over the Rockies
. . . . 4. Lewis and Clark expedition traveled beyond western border to the Pacific
. . . . . . a. permanent settlement of Astoria est. as fur-trading post, giving claim to Oregon Territory (acquired 1846)
IV. Financial Troubles
. . A. With Napoleonic Wars, England recruiting into British Navy by direct action (aka impressment)
. . . . 1. Looks for men physically fit and who spoke English, and violated US rights
. . . . 2. Chesapeake (US frigate) stopped by British frigate, where men are killed and impressed
. . . . . . a. Jefferson's Answer is Embargo Act and not war
. . B. Embargo Act (1807) terms
. . . . 1. No American ship can leave American port for foreign port
. . . . 2. No foreign vessel can load a cargo at American port
. . . . 3. Bond must be posted twice the value of ship and cargo before leaving port on all coastwise shipping
. . C. Embargo Act significance
. . . . 1. Smuggling by ship and over Canadian border renders Embargo Act somewhat useless
. . . . 2. US wanted to not be in war and remain neutral
. . . . . . a. As a result, France and England violated US rights as neutral nation
. . . . 3. Point of EA was to keep US ships out of danger by keeping them home
. . . . . . a. Instead it ruined shipping business along Atlantic Coast
. . . . . . b. New England hit hard, and thus brand Embargo Act unconstitutional and used nullification theories
. . C. Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
. . . . 1. Basically a toned down Embargo Act - England and France still interfere with out commerce
. . . . 2. Allowed trade everywhere but English and French ports
V. Jefferson Administration = American politics pattern
. . A. Shifts from one party to another result in little change in direction of public affairs
. . B. As 2 previous presidents, avoidance of war = key aim
. . C. Personal political theories cast aside for vital interest of the republic (Louisiana Purchase)
. . D. B.U.S. left alone despite previous hatred by Jefferson and his party
. . E. No big difference from Federalists who had run nation previous
. . . . 1. Those who opposed Jefferson's "Federalist policies" made "Quids" faction
. . . . 2. Republicans who thought Jefferson had deserted Republican principles and measures: "Old Republicans"
Commentary: It is amusing to see that John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were so strongly opposed to one another. The only reason Thomas Jefferson became Vice President was because he ran AGAINST John Adams. I wish I could have been at the White House during Adams' administration, largely to witness the clash between these two great political minds. And to think that John Adams wrote the Midnight Judges largely to spite Jefferson is something that I find as definite political humor.
Jefferson's administration after Adams' is also amusing, because there wasn't any large change from Adams to Jefferson. It definitely shows the realities of being president of the United States of America. A president who only sticks to their personal ideologies with disregard of national necessity will lead only to failure of the nation. It makes me realize that Jefferson was definitely humble in abandoning his beliefs to make the decision that would aid the United States the greatest, in disregard largely to the views of his party as well. Looking at this, I can see Washington's wisdom as well, who was greatly opposed to the creation of political parties.
ADAM(Adams) was given the rule: "No(2) burning BooKs (97), or else you will be covered in SooT (01)
I. Election
. . A. 1st presidential election along party lines
. . B. John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson - John Adams wins with Thomas Jefferson 2nd place: therefore, Jefferson becomes V.P.
. . . . a. changed by 12th Amendment (1804)
. . C. Main issue of campaign: Jay Treaty
II. XYZ Affair (1797)
. . A. American people unhappy about the Jay Treaty
. . B. France viewed it as violation of Treaty of Alliance of 1778
. . C. Not aiding France also violation of Treaty of Alliance of 1778
. . . . 1. 1797- French begin attacking out shipping
. . . . 2. Directory in charge of France - Talleyrand (foreign minister of Directory)
. . . . . . a. tries to take advantage of US weakness and sympathy for French Revolution
. . D. President Adams hopes to avoid war
. . . . 1. Sends Charles C. Pinckney, Elbridge G. Gerry, and John Marshall - tries to make acceptable terms with France
. . . . . . a. 3 "unofficial" envoys inform 3 US commisioners that they should prepare bribe and French loan before talks
. . . . . . . . i. "unofficial" enyos referred to as "X, Y, and Z"
. . . . . . b. Demand for bribe and loan as conditions to arrange for official talks between gov'ts outrageous
. . E. US prepares for war = French Talleyrand pretends XYZ no connection to France (acted without French knowledge)
. . F. Negotiations ensue - decide that Treaty of Alliance of 1778 not in effect
. . . . 1. In meantime, full fledged naval war between France and US
. . . . . . a. US drove French commerce out of West Indian waters
III. Fall of the Federalist Party
. . A. Naturalization Act and Alien Act and Sedition Act(1798)
. . . . 1. Aliens could not become citizens until 14 years of residence (NA)
. . . . 2. President has power to depart all aliens considered dangerous (AA)
. . . . 3. any false, scandalous, and malicious writing about Us gov't, Congress, or President subject to fine and imprisonment (SA)
. . . . 4. persons unlawfully conspiring to oppose any law or official of gov't subject to fine and imprisonment (SA)
. . . . 5. truth of statements published shall be accepted (SA)
. . B. Laws were designed to weaken the Republican Party
. . . . 1. most naturalized citizens were Republican
. . . . 2. immigrant overwhelmingly vote Republican
. . C. after XYZ affair, was supposed to look like US was defending against foreign menace
. . . . 1. However, viewed as violation of 1st Amendment
. . . . 2. Looked as if Federalists were being underhanded, and crushed Federalist support
. . C. Midnight Judges (Feb 1801- March 1801)
. . . . 1. Occured less than a week before Jefferson's Inauguration
. . . . . . a. An attempt to maintain Federalist control of the Judicial Branch
. . . . 2. Adams signs the Judiciary Act of 1801
. . . . . . a. changes from 6 to 5 justices in Supreme court
. . . . . . b. 16 more circuit court judgeships
. . . . . . c. provides jobs for marshals, attorneys, and clerks
. . . . 3. Some of these judgeships and jobs signed on last night of Adam's term
. . . . 4. Proved that Federalist party had defied public opinion (purely political purposes)
IV. Kentucky and Virginia Resolution (Nov. and Dec. 1798)
. . A. Jefferson writes Kentucky Resolutions, Madison writes Virginia Resolutions
. . B. Alarmed at growing power of central gov't under "loose" construction, and sure that Sedition ACt and Alien Act = unconstitutional
. . C. Main Points of the Resolutions
. . . . 1. States made a compact known as the Constitution
. . . . 2. Constitution sets up general gov't for special purposes, gave it definite powers, and reserved to each state all other rights and powers
. . . . 3. General government assumes undelegated powers, it is unauthoritative, void, and of no force
. . . . 4. Central gov't not final or exclusive judge of extent of powers delegated to itself
. . . . 5. 10th amendment makes limited power of general gov't clear
. . D. Significance of Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
. . . . 1. Gave the right of a state to withdraw from the Union
. . . . 2. Allowed both nullification of laws or Congress by states and withdrawal of states from the Union obviously lawful steps for states to take.
. . . . . . a. Constitution says nothing about these things, so rights given to states
3rd President Thomas Jefferson ((1801-1809) - Republican
A Moo-ing (2) cow burned the Declaration of Independence(Jefferson). The cow was covered in SooT(01) so it had to be cleaned with SoaP(09).
I. Election and Reelection
. . A. Main Issues: Alien and Sedition Acts; relations with England and France
. . B. Impressment and Jay Treaty create anti-English sentiment = hurts Federalists
. . C. Alexander Hamilton and President Adams split the Federalist party.
. . . . 1. argue on how to handle France relations leads to inner-party fighting than against the Republicans
. . D. Reelection of Jefferson (1804) - 1st time members of Electoral College vote separately for President and Vice President (12th Amendment)
II. Marbury v. Madison
. . A. Looking Back at Midnight Judges - William Marbury appointed as justice of peace in District of Columbia by President Adams
. . . . 1. However, James Madison (under Jefferson) told not to deliver "midnight" appointees
. . B. Marbury asks for writ of mandamus: basically an order by court that tells someone to do something
. . . . 1. Judiciary Act of 1789 allowed writ of mandamus to any officer of United States by Supreme Court
. . . . 2. Jefferson tells Madison to ignore mandamus
. . C. Marbury takes this to the Supreme Court who makes following decision:
. . . . 1. Marbury was entitled to his commission
. . . . 2. Duty of President to see that commission was delivered to Marbury
. . . . 3. Writ of mandamus was unconstitutional and couldn't be issued
. . . . . . a. Gave unfair power of Congress over Supreme Court and violation of separation of powers
. . . . . . b. Enlarged original jurisdiction of Supreme Court, which was fixed by Constitution (not subject to change in Congress)
. . D. Significance
. . . . 1. Jefferson gets petty political victory - allowed to withhold commissions to several "midnight" appointees
. . . . 2. Est. judicial review of laws of Congress
. . . . 3. Victory for "loose construction" of Constitution and tendency toward stronger federal gov't
III. Louisiana Purchase (1803)
. . A. Details to the purchase
. . . . 1. Bought for $15 million and doubled size of the nation
. . . . 2. Negotiations overlooked by Robert Livingston (minister to France) and James Monroe
. . . . 3. France had taken over Spain at the time and thus Pinckney Treaty of 1795 was largely useless
. . . . . . a. France refused to give just New Orleans, instead gave all of Louisiana
. . . . . . b. United States need control of Mississippi River due to large volume of trade.
. . . . . . . . i. Lots of hatred from Southern states towards "original 13"
. . . . . . . . ii. Jefferson afraid that Southwest fall away from US if it meant loyalty vs. use of Mississippi River
. . . . . . . . iii. Loss of Mississippi River = internal troubles
. . . . 4. France and Britain at war
. . . . . . a. Whichever side wins, the United State will be completely surrounded by great empire nation - Dangerous
. . . . 5. United States given great offer and it takes it (without Senate approval) -> Senate Later approves of the purchase
. . B. French Incentive to sell Louisiana
. . . . 1. France tried to take over Haiti (slave revolts) and then take control of New Orleans
. . . . 2. Effective leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture of slaves of Haiti and damaging resistance to French makes them give up on Western Empire
. . . . 3. Louisiana now useless, so Napoleon cuts his losses, and tries to get as much cash as possible in war effort
. . . . 4. Didn't want England to get its hands on Louisiana
. . C. Personal Problems with purchase by Jefferson
. . . . 1. Nowhere in Constitution does it say anything about acquiring land from other countries
. . . . . . a. Therefore, this power should go the the states
. . . . 2. Step aside from "strict" interpretation of Constitution to buy Louisiana Purchase: violates his own basic principles
. . . . 3. Doesn't go to Congress or else offer will be taken aback, so places nat'l necessity above all else
. . D. Lewis and Clark Expedition
. . . . 1. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory.
. . . . 2. Wrote reports on plants, animals, Native Americans, soils, rivers, and type of country
. . . . 3. Scientific and exploring undertaking - told to avoid trouble with Native Americans and find a pass over the Rockies
. . . . 4. Lewis and Clark expedition traveled beyond western border to the Pacific
. . . . . . a. permanent settlement of Astoria est. as fur-trading post, giving claim to Oregon Territory (acquired 1846)
IV. Financial Troubles
. . A. With Napoleonic Wars, England recruiting into British Navy by direct action (aka impressment)
. . . . 1. Looks for men physically fit and who spoke English, and violated US rights
. . . . 2. Chesapeake (US frigate) stopped by British frigate, where men are killed and impressed
. . . . . . a. Jefferson's Answer is Embargo Act and not war
. . B. Embargo Act (1807) terms
. . . . 1. No American ship can leave American port for foreign port
. . . . 2. No foreign vessel can load a cargo at American port
. . . . 3. Bond must be posted twice the value of ship and cargo before leaving port on all coastwise shipping
. . C. Embargo Act significance
. . . . 1. Smuggling by ship and over Canadian border renders Embargo Act somewhat useless
. . . . 2. US wanted to not be in war and remain neutral
. . . . . . a. As a result, France and England violated US rights as neutral nation
. . . . 3. Point of EA was to keep US ships out of danger by keeping them home
. . . . . . a. Instead it ruined shipping business along Atlantic Coast
. . . . . . b. New England hit hard, and thus brand Embargo Act unconstitutional and used nullification theories
. . C. Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
. . . . 1. Basically a toned down Embargo Act - England and France still interfere with out commerce
. . . . 2. Allowed trade everywhere but English and French ports
V. Jefferson Administration = American politics pattern
. . A. Shifts from one party to another result in little change in direction of public affairs
. . B. As 2 previous presidents, avoidance of war = key aim
. . C. Personal political theories cast aside for vital interest of the republic (Louisiana Purchase)
. . D. B.U.S. left alone despite previous hatred by Jefferson and his party
. . E. No big difference from Federalists who had run nation previous
. . . . 1. Those who opposed Jefferson's "Federalist policies" made "Quids" faction
. . . . 2. Republicans who thought Jefferson had deserted Republican principles and measures: "Old Republicans"
Commentary: It is amusing to see that John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were so strongly opposed to one another. The only reason Thomas Jefferson became Vice President was because he ran AGAINST John Adams. I wish I could have been at the White House during Adams' administration, largely to witness the clash between these two great political minds. And to think that John Adams wrote the Midnight Judges largely to spite Jefferson is something that I find as definite political humor.
Jefferson's administration after Adams' is also amusing, because there wasn't any large change from Adams to Jefferson. It definitely shows the realities of being president of the United States of America. A president who only sticks to their personal ideologies with disregard of national necessity will lead only to failure of the nation. It makes me realize that Jefferson was definitely humble in abandoning his beliefs to make the decision that would aid the United States the greatest, in disregard largely to the views of his party as well. Looking at this, I can see Washington's wisdom as well, who was greatly opposed to the creation of political parties.