Post by djxkorean on Aug 1, 2009 21:42:23 GMT -8
16th President Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
The LINCOLN CAR(Lincoln) feels great for my TuSH(16). I bet the Lincoln in a SHooTing(61) game, won, and SHaVed(67) his head.
I. Election
. . A. Democrats split on who to nominate for presidency; Two separate conventions held later
. . . . 1. Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge; both platforms similar
. . . . . . a. Breckinridge: aggressively stated demand for federal protection of slavery in territories
. . . . . . b. Breckinridge had support of President Buchanan, who argued with Douglas over Lecompton Constitution
. . . . . . c. Stephen Douglas not trusted by Southern Democrats after his Freeport Doctrine
. . B. Republicans: nominates Abraham Lincoln because he had won nat'l reputation by Lincoln-Douglas debates.
. . . . 1. Rejected "Dred Scott" decision, asserted right of Congress to exclude slavery in territories, condemned Lecompton Constitution
. . . . 2. Advocated for a protective tariff
. . C. Constitutional Union party nominates John Bell of Tennessee
. . . . 1. Feared war, but had no idea what to do about it
. . D. Abraham wins the election; backlash quickly follows by Southern slave states
. . . . 1. Between election day in Nob. 1860 and inauguration day in March, seven states seceded from the Union
. . . . . . a. S. Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
. . . . 2. Confederate States of America organized before Lincoln's inauguration
. . . . . . a. Jefferson Davis elected President; authorizes the raising of 100,000 troops
. . . . . . b. Montgomery, Alabama is its capital
. . . . . . c. Stars and Bars adopted as its flag
. . . . . . d. Sent agents abroad to seek aid
. . E. Lincoln , in inaugural address, invites reconsideration by secessionists
II. Reelection
. . A. struggle between Copperheads (Northerners opposed to Civil War) and the fortunes of war
. . . . 1. Anti-war Democrats nominates General George B. McClellan
. . . . . . a. Platform calls for immediate cessation of hostilities and preservation of the Federal Union of States
. . B. Mayor of New York publishes Daily News, advocating that the city secede from the Union
. . . . 1. Agitation by Confederate spies, genuine labor unrest, and anger over the unfairness of the draft flamed by the Daily News
. . . . 2. Results in 3 days of rioting, stealing, burning, and killing: July 13-16, 1863
. . C. "War Democrats" supported Lincoln and changed Republican Party changes its name to Union Party
. . . . 1. Years of fighting brought morale of North close to breaking point.
. . . . 2. Several wins shortly before election brings Northern morale up and turns tide toward Lincoln
III. Lincoln V. Congress at the end of Civil War
. . A. Lincoln POV
. . . . 1. Lincoln insisted that Southern states were in rebellion and attempted to secede from Union; Prevented from doing so by Union
. . . . 2. Lincoln announces reconstruction in Dec. 1863 (evident that Union was going to win)
. . . . . . a. rebelling states must adopt constitution that forbade slavery and voters in the states take oath of allegiance to the US
. . . . . . b. Number of voters required to take oath of allegiance > 10 percent of persons voted in each state (Ten Percent Plan)
. . B. Congress's POV
. . . . 1. Confederate states seceded and thus Congress given authority to set pattern for re-admission
. . . . . . a. Constitution: Congress has right to admit states, but President's function to set thhings in order in case of civil disorder
. . . . 2. Congress refuses to seat representatives who conformed to Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan
. . . . 3. Had a policy of revenge; Lincoln unable to quell as he is assassinated
IV. Homestead Act (1862)
. . A. Prospectors were seeking gold and silver, CA and Oregon attracts new settlers, who try to avoid draft
. . . . 1. Homestead Act: stimulated this westward mvmt by offering 160 acres to any head of a family
. . . . 2. Land was free if it was lived on for five years, or bought at $1.25 after lived on for 6 months
. . . . 3. Purpose of act exploited by land companies and speculators: by at $1.25 and resell land
V. Lincoln's Assassination (April 14, 1865)
. . A. Morning of April 14, Cabinet meeting: treatment of rebels
. . . . 1. Lincoln opposed any attempt to designate certain rebels as criminals to be hanged
. . B. Lincoln goes to see play at Ford's Theater, in which assassin enter unnoticed, stands directly behind Lincoln, and fires at back of Lincoln's head
. . . . 1. Assassin: John Wilkes Booth brought out by intense hatred for Lincoln
. . . . 2. July 7, 1865: 3 men and 1 woman hanged - Plot to assassinate Lincoln and other members of his Cabinet
. . C. Andrew Johnson was in the White House, but didn't have prestige or tact to pass Ten Percent Plan or the Reconstruction policies
Civil War
I. Union v. Confederacy
. . A. Union: Comprised of 24 states with a a population of about 22 million
. . . . 1. Contained most of the industry, banks, and railroad mileage
. . . . 2. Farms supplied diversity of products and amply foodstuffs
. . . . 3. Most all merchant marine owned by Northerners; were well organized to prosecute a war with an army and a navy
. . . . 4. Union still faced several problems
. . . . . . a. Had 4 major objectives: capture Richmond (capital), blockade Confederate ports, control Mississippi River, cut Confederacy intro section
. . . . . . . . i. Large order and would not be something done easily
. . B. Confederacy: Comprised of 11 states with population of about 5.5 million free persons and 3.5 million slaves
. . . . 1. Industrial dvlpmt. and financial resources less than 1/3 of Union
. . . . 2. Agricultural wealth was in cotton, tobacco, sugar, and naval stores and can aid war effort only if sold and delivered by ship to foreign ports
. . . . 3. Inadequate railroad mileage and water transport, could not deliver foodstuffs where needed
. . . . 4. Southerners had to organize gov't in short time, made difficult by fact that states didn't want to grant power to central gov't
. . . . 5. Confederate States fully aware of political, economic, financial, and manpower advantages of Union. But had few advantages
. . . . . . a. Great Britain and France wanted Southern products and South expected early alliance with England/ France
. . . . . . b. Southerners knew firearms, horses, and outdoor life
. . . . . . c. South had military tradition and experience after fighting in the Mexican War
. . . . . . d. South could fight a defensive war, and only resist the onslaught by the Northern Union
. . . . . . e. Confederacy felt that Union would not fight or be divided in war effort
II. Raising Troops
. . A. Union: great bulk of army comprised of volunteers
. . . . 1. States given quotas to raised and states assigned quotas to cities, towns, and counties within its borders
. . . . 2. Bounties used to keep enlistments up
. . . . . . a. Led to "bounty jumping": practice consisting of enlisting to collect bounty than deserting in order to enlist again and collect bounty
. . . . 3. March 1863: draft started and poorly organized
. . . . . . a. person could avoid draft by paying gov't $300
. . . . . . b. :Rich man's war but poor man's fight"
. . . . 4. War profiteering: Bribing gov't purchasing agents was common
. . B. Confederacy: drafted men into service in April 1862, but volunteers kept ranks filled throughout war
. . . . 1. No bounties, but there was a method in wihch a drafted man could buy a substitute
III. Raising Money
. . A. Union: financed war by:
. . . . 1. Morill Tariff: high rates intended to encourage American manufacturing
. . . . 2. National Banking System: est. 1864 and aimed to attract large amounts of money quickly
. . . . . . a. Effect on Civil War financing was not great but remained mainstay of US banking system until replaced by Federal Reserve System
. . . . 3. Excise taxes: taxes on goods originating in this country- placed on most all items
. . . . 4. Greenbacks (gov't paper money): issued to amount of $400 million
. . . . . . a. "printing press" money = completely inflationary due to no material backing
. . B. Confederacy: levied excise taxes, sold bonds to people, borrowed from foreign bankers, and printed fiat money
. . . . 1. Loans from abroad smaller than what Confederacy expected
. . . . 2. Printing presses made most of the money; printing press money not worth much
IV. Foreign relations during the Civil War
. . A. England
. . . . 1. May 13, 1861 (one month after surrender of Fort Sumter): Queen Victoria recognizes belligerency of the Confederacy
. . . . . . a. Common knowledge that official England favored the Confederacy
. . . . . . b. Lincoln insisted that Southern states could not secede (under Constitution); just a rebellion and Lincoln using gov't power to quell rebellion
. . . . . . c. Conflict between Queen Victoria's recognition of belligerency and Lincoln's view of nature of Civil War = strong resentment in US
. . . . 2. Captain Wilkes stops British mail and seizes 2 Confederate agents: US public and press hail incident; British demand apology and reparations
. . . . . . a. Mason and Slidell of South urge whatever support for Confederacy France/Britain can provide
. . . . . . b. Lincoln released Mason and Slidell, and had Seward (Secretary of State) apologize to British Minister
. . . . 3. Emancipation Proclamation (Sept. 1862): Lincoln's announcement important for foreign reception than US effect
. . . . . . a. Lincoln gives Emancipation Proclamation to help preserve the Union
. . . . . . b. As long as ppl of Europe believe war was over legal right of states to secede from Union, Europe inclined to favor seceding states
. . . . . . . . i. But if fight over slavery, Europe sympathetic to Union as Union win will be the end of slavery
. . . . . . c. Public demands England stop construction of ships for Confederacy; Russian czar sends warships to help Union
. . . . 4. Int'l law forbids building and equipping of fighting ships in neutral nation for a belligerent.
. . . . . . a. English shipbuilders pass this law - don't fully finish ship and send ship to foreign yard for finishing touches
. . . . . . b. Commerce raiders: becomes subject of arbitration in Geneva in 1872
. . B. France
. . . . 1. French gov't makes substantial loan to Confederacy
. . . . 2. Napoleon III of France permits commerce raiders to be built in French shipyards
. . . . 3. In July 1862, Napoleon III suggests to Britain that time ripe for recognition of independence of Confederacy
. . . . . . a. Slidell (Southern agent) in Paris, thousands of cotton in Confederacy ready for shipment while shortages of cotton in Britain/France
. . . . . . b. McClellan (North) driven back in attempt to take Richmond
. . . . . . c. End of Confederate support: repulse of Lee by McClellan at Antietam; Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
. . . . 4. Napoleon II challenges Monroe Doctrine
. . . . . . a. 1861: England, Spain, and France sends warships to Mexico in move to collect debts owed to them
. . . . . . . . i. France uses this situation as pretext for colonization
. . . . . . b. After France takes Mexico City, Napoleon III invites Austrian Archduke Maximillian to accept position of Emperor of Mexico
. . . . . . c. Lincoln sends 50,000 Union soldiers to Mexico; Napoleon withdraws French forces; Maximillian executed by Mexican gov't
V. Major Military Engagements of Civil War
. . A. Fort Sumter
. . . . 1. Union Major Anderson surrenders to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard
. . . . 2. More of political maneuver than an armed conflict
. . . . 3. South viewed federal forts as states - if states seceded, the forts automatically belonged to the states
. . . . . . a. Lincoln unable to accept such a view; so Lincoln sends supplies with provisions to relive MAjor Anderson and his garrison
. . . . 4. April 11, 1861: S. Carolina orders Major Anderson to surrender, who says he will surrender after his supplies run out (preserve honor)
. . . . . . a. April 12, 1861: General Beauregard opens fire on Fort Sumter and after bombardment, Union garrison forced to surrender
. . . . 5. Fort Sumter impact
. . . . . . a. Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers
. . . . . . b. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and N. Carolina seceds and joins Confederacy w/in month of loss
. . . . . . c. General Robert E. Lee resigns from US Army (greatest blow following Fort Sumter)
. . B. 1st Bull Run (Manassas Junction) July 21, 1861
. . . . 1. Union forces under General McDowell routed by Generals Thomas J "Stonewall" Jackson, Beauregard, and Johnston
. . . . 2. Battle fought by Union recruits w/ not more than 3 months training
. . . . . . a. Battle turned into disorderly rout of undisciplined raw recruits under McDowell
. . . . . . b. Spirit of expectant celebration of any easy victory changed to fear for the safety of Washington
. . C. Peninsular Campaign (March - July 1862)
. . . . 1. McClellan, with 110,000 well-trained, well-equipped soldiers, wins battles but unable to press his advantage
. . . . . . a. waits for reinforcement when he doesn't need it
. . . . 2. Jun 26, 1862: General McClellan threatened by trap set by General Robert E. Lee; followed by Seven Day's Battles
. . . . . . a. Union forces forced into retreat from disadvantaged position
. . . . 3. McClellan unable to accomplish task he set out for: capture Richmond
. . . . . . a. Lincoln impatient with McClellan's over-cautious tactics, while McClellan dissatisfied with Lincoln's withholding reinforcement
. . D. 2nd Bull Run: Aug 29-30, 1862
. . . . 1. Union General John Pope defeated by Generals Lee and "Stonewall" Jackson
. . . . 2. Bad setback for the Union: cancelled success Union had in Virginia and posed serious threat to Washington
. . . . 3. Lincoln puts McClellan back in command on theory that at least he could win battles
. . E. Antietam (Sharpsburg): Sept 17, 1862
. . . . 1. Union General McClellan defeats General Lee
. . . . 2. If Confederates had won, they would have been in good position to advance on Washington
. . . . . . a. Napoleon III conferring with England about recognizing independence of Confederates and proposing end to war
. . . . . . b. Loss at Antietam, England and France did not end in support of the Confederacy
. . . . 3. Bloodiest single day's fighting of the war; McClellan's men fought Lee to a draw
. . . . 4. Although McClellan could have had complete victory, allows General Lee to retreat
. . . . 5. Stopping of Lee at Antietam checked all immediate intention by France and England to propose a peace or make official support of Confederacy
. . . . 6. Repulse of Lee's army gave Lincoln situation needed to announce Emancipation Proclamation
. . F. Vicksburg (July 4th 1863)
. . . . 1. General Pemberton of Confederacy surrenders Vicksburg to General Ulysses S. Grant and allows Union complete control of Mississippi River
. . . . 2. Commodore Foote and General Grant starts campaign in west of taking Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
. . . . 3. Grant marched south from Fort Donelson to Shiloh, where 2-day battle on April 6-7, 1862 resulted in victory from near defeat
. . . . 4. Grant crossed west bank in order to get south of Vicksburg
. . . . . . a. Approached Confederate fortress from the rear. March to Vicksburg from land side entailed series of battles over period of 3 wks
. . . . 5. May 22, 1863: siege of Vicksburg begin, where Confederates hold out under brutal bombardment and 2 major assaults
. . . . 6. July 4, 1863: General Pemberton surrenders
. . . . 7. Lincoln has now found a general who could win and stick with it until he ran the enemy right into the ground
. . . . 8. With the Mississippi wholly under Union control, the Confederacy was cut in half
. . G. Gettysburg (July 1-4, 1863)
. . . . 1. Union General Meade defeats General Lee
. . . . . . a. Lee's advance into Pennsylvania was stab into Northern state to break moral of Union
. . . . . . b. Victory on Northern soil could greatly increase the influence of Copperheads and multiply dissension
. . . . . . c. Victory for South would revive probability of foreign aid and make task of winning war appear too tough for North to be worth it
. . H. From Chattoanooga to Savannah (May 7 - Dec. 22, 1864)
. . . . 1. General William Sherman taks Atlanta and cuts 60-mile-wide swath to Savannah
. . . . 2. Evident that Union forces too strong to be stopped
. . . . 3. When Sherman took Atlanta, he destroyed everything of use to the enemy, and makes famous march to the sea.
. . . . 4. For 300 miles, his troops cut path 60 miles wide in which railroads, bridges, warehouses, homes, factories, crops, livestock confiscated/destroyed
. . . . 5. Dec. 10, 1864: Sherman reaches Savannah, then captures it on Dec. 22, 1864
. . I. The Wilderness Campaign and Drive on Richmond (May and June 1864)
. . . . 1. Ulysses S. Grant forces Lee to surrender at Appomattox
. . . . 2. Grant had Army of Potomac ready to hammer its way to the Confederate capital.
. . . . 3. Lee picks battle sites along route of retreat and forces Grant to pay dearly. (Union had superior numbers and equipment, so okay)
. . . . 4. Union losses were twice those of the Confederacy, but the Union could still go on while the Confederacy had spent its strength
. . . . 5. April 2, 1865: Lee evacuates Petersburg in attempt to go to Lynchburg, but Grant forces surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865).
Commentary: Finally, we have reached the climax of these great play. The reconstruction follows, and it seems to me that this whole ordeal up until the end of the Reconstruction some grand play. There was the buildup, clear foreshadows to the doom in the future. Great actors came and went, with major characters setting up the Civil War. It might be because I already know the ending, but it seems to me that the cause of the Confederacy was actually a lost cause, and personally, I feel that it was obvious that the Confederates would lose. Looking at the disadvantages and advantages of both sides, it seemed as if the Confederates had less than a 1 percent chance of defeating the Union. Just by numbers the Union could have probably won, although it seems that it was definitely at a tipping point at one point (prior-2nd Bull Run).
Going on to Abraham Lincoln, it seems that Lincoln was largely in denial of the situation. Despite the fact that states WERE seceding, Lincoln denied this and accepted it as a "rebellion". Whether or not this was strictly a political device to have control of the returning states is something that only the Cabinet members would be able to state, but I feel that Lincoln truly believed that this was a rebellion and not a secession. The fact that France and England was on the verge of the Confederacy is something that would have definitely aided the Copperheads, so I am surprised that the Confederates didn't exploit this and spread this rumor throughout the Union. They may have possibly done so, and it just isn't stated in this textbook.
The LINCOLN CAR(Lincoln) feels great for my TuSH(16). I bet the Lincoln in a SHooTing(61) game, won, and SHaVed(67) his head.
I. Election
. . A. Democrats split on who to nominate for presidency; Two separate conventions held later
. . . . 1. Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge; both platforms similar
. . . . . . a. Breckinridge: aggressively stated demand for federal protection of slavery in territories
. . . . . . b. Breckinridge had support of President Buchanan, who argued with Douglas over Lecompton Constitution
. . . . . . c. Stephen Douglas not trusted by Southern Democrats after his Freeport Doctrine
. . B. Republicans: nominates Abraham Lincoln because he had won nat'l reputation by Lincoln-Douglas debates.
. . . . 1. Rejected "Dred Scott" decision, asserted right of Congress to exclude slavery in territories, condemned Lecompton Constitution
. . . . 2. Advocated for a protective tariff
. . C. Constitutional Union party nominates John Bell of Tennessee
. . . . 1. Feared war, but had no idea what to do about it
. . D. Abraham wins the election; backlash quickly follows by Southern slave states
. . . . 1. Between election day in Nob. 1860 and inauguration day in March, seven states seceded from the Union
. . . . . . a. S. Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
. . . . 2. Confederate States of America organized before Lincoln's inauguration
. . . . . . a. Jefferson Davis elected President; authorizes the raising of 100,000 troops
. . . . . . b. Montgomery, Alabama is its capital
. . . . . . c. Stars and Bars adopted as its flag
. . . . . . d. Sent agents abroad to seek aid
. . E. Lincoln , in inaugural address, invites reconsideration by secessionists
II. Reelection
. . A. struggle between Copperheads (Northerners opposed to Civil War) and the fortunes of war
. . . . 1. Anti-war Democrats nominates General George B. McClellan
. . . . . . a. Platform calls for immediate cessation of hostilities and preservation of the Federal Union of States
. . B. Mayor of New York publishes Daily News, advocating that the city secede from the Union
. . . . 1. Agitation by Confederate spies, genuine labor unrest, and anger over the unfairness of the draft flamed by the Daily News
. . . . 2. Results in 3 days of rioting, stealing, burning, and killing: July 13-16, 1863
. . C. "War Democrats" supported Lincoln and changed Republican Party changes its name to Union Party
. . . . 1. Years of fighting brought morale of North close to breaking point.
. . . . 2. Several wins shortly before election brings Northern morale up and turns tide toward Lincoln
III. Lincoln V. Congress at the end of Civil War
. . A. Lincoln POV
. . . . 1. Lincoln insisted that Southern states were in rebellion and attempted to secede from Union; Prevented from doing so by Union
. . . . 2. Lincoln announces reconstruction in Dec. 1863 (evident that Union was going to win)
. . . . . . a. rebelling states must adopt constitution that forbade slavery and voters in the states take oath of allegiance to the US
. . . . . . b. Number of voters required to take oath of allegiance > 10 percent of persons voted in each state (Ten Percent Plan)
. . B. Congress's POV
. . . . 1. Confederate states seceded and thus Congress given authority to set pattern for re-admission
. . . . . . a. Constitution: Congress has right to admit states, but President's function to set thhings in order in case of civil disorder
. . . . 2. Congress refuses to seat representatives who conformed to Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan
. . . . 3. Had a policy of revenge; Lincoln unable to quell as he is assassinated
IV. Homestead Act (1862)
. . A. Prospectors were seeking gold and silver, CA and Oregon attracts new settlers, who try to avoid draft
. . . . 1. Homestead Act: stimulated this westward mvmt by offering 160 acres to any head of a family
. . . . 2. Land was free if it was lived on for five years, or bought at $1.25 after lived on for 6 months
. . . . 3. Purpose of act exploited by land companies and speculators: by at $1.25 and resell land
V. Lincoln's Assassination (April 14, 1865)
. . A. Morning of April 14, Cabinet meeting: treatment of rebels
. . . . 1. Lincoln opposed any attempt to designate certain rebels as criminals to be hanged
. . B. Lincoln goes to see play at Ford's Theater, in which assassin enter unnoticed, stands directly behind Lincoln, and fires at back of Lincoln's head
. . . . 1. Assassin: John Wilkes Booth brought out by intense hatred for Lincoln
. . . . 2. July 7, 1865: 3 men and 1 woman hanged - Plot to assassinate Lincoln and other members of his Cabinet
. . C. Andrew Johnson was in the White House, but didn't have prestige or tact to pass Ten Percent Plan or the Reconstruction policies
Civil War
I. Union v. Confederacy
. . A. Union: Comprised of 24 states with a a population of about 22 million
. . . . 1. Contained most of the industry, banks, and railroad mileage
. . . . 2. Farms supplied diversity of products and amply foodstuffs
. . . . 3. Most all merchant marine owned by Northerners; were well organized to prosecute a war with an army and a navy
. . . . 4. Union still faced several problems
. . . . . . a. Had 4 major objectives: capture Richmond (capital), blockade Confederate ports, control Mississippi River, cut Confederacy intro section
. . . . . . . . i. Large order and would not be something done easily
. . B. Confederacy: Comprised of 11 states with population of about 5.5 million free persons and 3.5 million slaves
. . . . 1. Industrial dvlpmt. and financial resources less than 1/3 of Union
. . . . 2. Agricultural wealth was in cotton, tobacco, sugar, and naval stores and can aid war effort only if sold and delivered by ship to foreign ports
. . . . 3. Inadequate railroad mileage and water transport, could not deliver foodstuffs where needed
. . . . 4. Southerners had to organize gov't in short time, made difficult by fact that states didn't want to grant power to central gov't
. . . . 5. Confederate States fully aware of political, economic, financial, and manpower advantages of Union. But had few advantages
. . . . . . a. Great Britain and France wanted Southern products and South expected early alliance with England/ France
. . . . . . b. Southerners knew firearms, horses, and outdoor life
. . . . . . c. South had military tradition and experience after fighting in the Mexican War
. . . . . . d. South could fight a defensive war, and only resist the onslaught by the Northern Union
. . . . . . e. Confederacy felt that Union would not fight or be divided in war effort
II. Raising Troops
. . A. Union: great bulk of army comprised of volunteers
. . . . 1. States given quotas to raised and states assigned quotas to cities, towns, and counties within its borders
. . . . 2. Bounties used to keep enlistments up
. . . . . . a. Led to "bounty jumping": practice consisting of enlisting to collect bounty than deserting in order to enlist again and collect bounty
. . . . 3. March 1863: draft started and poorly organized
. . . . . . a. person could avoid draft by paying gov't $300
. . . . . . b. :Rich man's war but poor man's fight"
. . . . 4. War profiteering: Bribing gov't purchasing agents was common
. . B. Confederacy: drafted men into service in April 1862, but volunteers kept ranks filled throughout war
. . . . 1. No bounties, but there was a method in wihch a drafted man could buy a substitute
III. Raising Money
. . A. Union: financed war by:
. . . . 1. Morill Tariff: high rates intended to encourage American manufacturing
. . . . 2. National Banking System: est. 1864 and aimed to attract large amounts of money quickly
. . . . . . a. Effect on Civil War financing was not great but remained mainstay of US banking system until replaced by Federal Reserve System
. . . . 3. Excise taxes: taxes on goods originating in this country- placed on most all items
. . . . 4. Greenbacks (gov't paper money): issued to amount of $400 million
. . . . . . a. "printing press" money = completely inflationary due to no material backing
. . B. Confederacy: levied excise taxes, sold bonds to people, borrowed from foreign bankers, and printed fiat money
. . . . 1. Loans from abroad smaller than what Confederacy expected
. . . . 2. Printing presses made most of the money; printing press money not worth much
IV. Foreign relations during the Civil War
. . A. England
. . . . 1. May 13, 1861 (one month after surrender of Fort Sumter): Queen Victoria recognizes belligerency of the Confederacy
. . . . . . a. Common knowledge that official England favored the Confederacy
. . . . . . b. Lincoln insisted that Southern states could not secede (under Constitution); just a rebellion and Lincoln using gov't power to quell rebellion
. . . . . . c. Conflict between Queen Victoria's recognition of belligerency and Lincoln's view of nature of Civil War = strong resentment in US
. . . . 2. Captain Wilkes stops British mail and seizes 2 Confederate agents: US public and press hail incident; British demand apology and reparations
. . . . . . a. Mason and Slidell of South urge whatever support for Confederacy France/Britain can provide
. . . . . . b. Lincoln released Mason and Slidell, and had Seward (Secretary of State) apologize to British Minister
. . . . 3. Emancipation Proclamation (Sept. 1862): Lincoln's announcement important for foreign reception than US effect
. . . . . . a. Lincoln gives Emancipation Proclamation to help preserve the Union
. . . . . . b. As long as ppl of Europe believe war was over legal right of states to secede from Union, Europe inclined to favor seceding states
. . . . . . . . i. But if fight over slavery, Europe sympathetic to Union as Union win will be the end of slavery
. . . . . . c. Public demands England stop construction of ships for Confederacy; Russian czar sends warships to help Union
. . . . 4. Int'l law forbids building and equipping of fighting ships in neutral nation for a belligerent.
. . . . . . a. English shipbuilders pass this law - don't fully finish ship and send ship to foreign yard for finishing touches
. . . . . . b. Commerce raiders: becomes subject of arbitration in Geneva in 1872
. . B. France
. . . . 1. French gov't makes substantial loan to Confederacy
. . . . 2. Napoleon III of France permits commerce raiders to be built in French shipyards
. . . . 3. In July 1862, Napoleon III suggests to Britain that time ripe for recognition of independence of Confederacy
. . . . . . a. Slidell (Southern agent) in Paris, thousands of cotton in Confederacy ready for shipment while shortages of cotton in Britain/France
. . . . . . b. McClellan (North) driven back in attempt to take Richmond
. . . . . . c. End of Confederate support: repulse of Lee by McClellan at Antietam; Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
. . . . 4. Napoleon II challenges Monroe Doctrine
. . . . . . a. 1861: England, Spain, and France sends warships to Mexico in move to collect debts owed to them
. . . . . . . . i. France uses this situation as pretext for colonization
. . . . . . b. After France takes Mexico City, Napoleon III invites Austrian Archduke Maximillian to accept position of Emperor of Mexico
. . . . . . c. Lincoln sends 50,000 Union soldiers to Mexico; Napoleon withdraws French forces; Maximillian executed by Mexican gov't
V. Major Military Engagements of Civil War
. . A. Fort Sumter
. . . . 1. Union Major Anderson surrenders to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard
. . . . 2. More of political maneuver than an armed conflict
. . . . 3. South viewed federal forts as states - if states seceded, the forts automatically belonged to the states
. . . . . . a. Lincoln unable to accept such a view; so Lincoln sends supplies with provisions to relive MAjor Anderson and his garrison
. . . . 4. April 11, 1861: S. Carolina orders Major Anderson to surrender, who says he will surrender after his supplies run out (preserve honor)
. . . . . . a. April 12, 1861: General Beauregard opens fire on Fort Sumter and after bombardment, Union garrison forced to surrender
. . . . 5. Fort Sumter impact
. . . . . . a. Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers
. . . . . . b. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and N. Carolina seceds and joins Confederacy w/in month of loss
. . . . . . c. General Robert E. Lee resigns from US Army (greatest blow following Fort Sumter)
. . B. 1st Bull Run (Manassas Junction) July 21, 1861
. . . . 1. Union forces under General McDowell routed by Generals Thomas J "Stonewall" Jackson, Beauregard, and Johnston
. . . . 2. Battle fought by Union recruits w/ not more than 3 months training
. . . . . . a. Battle turned into disorderly rout of undisciplined raw recruits under McDowell
. . . . . . b. Spirit of expectant celebration of any easy victory changed to fear for the safety of Washington
. . C. Peninsular Campaign (March - July 1862)
. . . . 1. McClellan, with 110,000 well-trained, well-equipped soldiers, wins battles but unable to press his advantage
. . . . . . a. waits for reinforcement when he doesn't need it
. . . . 2. Jun 26, 1862: General McClellan threatened by trap set by General Robert E. Lee; followed by Seven Day's Battles
. . . . . . a. Union forces forced into retreat from disadvantaged position
. . . . 3. McClellan unable to accomplish task he set out for: capture Richmond
. . . . . . a. Lincoln impatient with McClellan's over-cautious tactics, while McClellan dissatisfied with Lincoln's withholding reinforcement
. . D. 2nd Bull Run: Aug 29-30, 1862
. . . . 1. Union General John Pope defeated by Generals Lee and "Stonewall" Jackson
. . . . 2. Bad setback for the Union: cancelled success Union had in Virginia and posed serious threat to Washington
. . . . 3. Lincoln puts McClellan back in command on theory that at least he could win battles
. . E. Antietam (Sharpsburg): Sept 17, 1862
. . . . 1. Union General McClellan defeats General Lee
. . . . 2. If Confederates had won, they would have been in good position to advance on Washington
. . . . . . a. Napoleon III conferring with England about recognizing independence of Confederates and proposing end to war
. . . . . . b. Loss at Antietam, England and France did not end in support of the Confederacy
. . . . 3. Bloodiest single day's fighting of the war; McClellan's men fought Lee to a draw
. . . . 4. Although McClellan could have had complete victory, allows General Lee to retreat
. . . . 5. Stopping of Lee at Antietam checked all immediate intention by France and England to propose a peace or make official support of Confederacy
. . . . 6. Repulse of Lee's army gave Lincoln situation needed to announce Emancipation Proclamation
. . F. Vicksburg (July 4th 1863)
. . . . 1. General Pemberton of Confederacy surrenders Vicksburg to General Ulysses S. Grant and allows Union complete control of Mississippi River
. . . . 2. Commodore Foote and General Grant starts campaign in west of taking Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
. . . . 3. Grant marched south from Fort Donelson to Shiloh, where 2-day battle on April 6-7, 1862 resulted in victory from near defeat
. . . . 4. Grant crossed west bank in order to get south of Vicksburg
. . . . . . a. Approached Confederate fortress from the rear. March to Vicksburg from land side entailed series of battles over period of 3 wks
. . . . 5. May 22, 1863: siege of Vicksburg begin, where Confederates hold out under brutal bombardment and 2 major assaults
. . . . 6. July 4, 1863: General Pemberton surrenders
. . . . 7. Lincoln has now found a general who could win and stick with it until he ran the enemy right into the ground
. . . . 8. With the Mississippi wholly under Union control, the Confederacy was cut in half
. . G. Gettysburg (July 1-4, 1863)
. . . . 1. Union General Meade defeats General Lee
. . . . . . a. Lee's advance into Pennsylvania was stab into Northern state to break moral of Union
. . . . . . b. Victory on Northern soil could greatly increase the influence of Copperheads and multiply dissension
. . . . . . c. Victory for South would revive probability of foreign aid and make task of winning war appear too tough for North to be worth it
. . H. From Chattoanooga to Savannah (May 7 - Dec. 22, 1864)
. . . . 1. General William Sherman taks Atlanta and cuts 60-mile-wide swath to Savannah
. . . . 2. Evident that Union forces too strong to be stopped
. . . . 3. When Sherman took Atlanta, he destroyed everything of use to the enemy, and makes famous march to the sea.
. . . . 4. For 300 miles, his troops cut path 60 miles wide in which railroads, bridges, warehouses, homes, factories, crops, livestock confiscated/destroyed
. . . . 5. Dec. 10, 1864: Sherman reaches Savannah, then captures it on Dec. 22, 1864
. . I. The Wilderness Campaign and Drive on Richmond (May and June 1864)
. . . . 1. Ulysses S. Grant forces Lee to surrender at Appomattox
. . . . 2. Grant had Army of Potomac ready to hammer its way to the Confederate capital.
. . . . 3. Lee picks battle sites along route of retreat and forces Grant to pay dearly. (Union had superior numbers and equipment, so okay)
. . . . 4. Union losses were twice those of the Confederacy, but the Union could still go on while the Confederacy had spent its strength
. . . . 5. April 2, 1865: Lee evacuates Petersburg in attempt to go to Lynchburg, but Grant forces surrender at Appomattox (April 9, 1865).
Commentary: Finally, we have reached the climax of these great play. The reconstruction follows, and it seems to me that this whole ordeal up until the end of the Reconstruction some grand play. There was the buildup, clear foreshadows to the doom in the future. Great actors came and went, with major characters setting up the Civil War. It might be because I already know the ending, but it seems to me that the cause of the Confederacy was actually a lost cause, and personally, I feel that it was obvious that the Confederates would lose. Looking at the disadvantages and advantages of both sides, it seemed as if the Confederates had less than a 1 percent chance of defeating the Union. Just by numbers the Union could have probably won, although it seems that it was definitely at a tipping point at one point (prior-2nd Bull Run).
Going on to Abraham Lincoln, it seems that Lincoln was largely in denial of the situation. Despite the fact that states WERE seceding, Lincoln denied this and accepted it as a "rebellion". Whether or not this was strictly a political device to have control of the returning states is something that only the Cabinet members would be able to state, but I feel that Lincoln truly believed that this was a rebellion and not a secession. The fact that France and England was on the verge of the Confederacy is something that would have definitely aided the Copperheads, so I am surprised that the Confederates didn't exploit this and spread this rumor throughout the Union. They may have possibly done so, and it just isn't stated in this textbook.