Post by djxkorean on Aug 3, 2009 15:51:55 GMT -8
19th President Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-1881
I found DoPe(19) in the HAYSTACK(Hayes). I started going KooKy as a GoaT began to dance.
I. Election of Hayes
. . A. Republicans: “Bloody shirt” technique lost effectiveness and corruption prevalent during reign made its prospects dim
. . . . 1. Party was split between Liberal Republicans (Greeley) and regulars (Grant)
. . . . 2. Those who had backed Grant wanted: James G. Blaine
. . . . 3. Rutherford B. Hayes nominated on 7th ballot
. . B. Democrats: nominate Samuel J. Tilden (reform Democrat)
. . . . 1. forced removal of corrupt judges in NYC during state chairmanship and played major role in destroying Tweed Ring
. . . . 2. Strong candidate well calculated to carry Democratic Party
. . . . 3. Tilden was able to carry several Northern States
. . C. Widespread fraud by both parties apparent in multiple states
. . . . 1. Tilden was one short of simple majority required for election
. . . . 2. No constitutional provisions for handling this situation, so Congress improvised solution
. . . . . . a. Electoral Commission of 15 members created: 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats
. . . . . . b. Hayes won by Electoral Commission
. . . . . . c. In return for accepting Electoral Commission decision, South gets:
. . . . . . . . i. federal troops withdraw, substantial federal appropriations for railroads in South, appoint Southerner to Cabinet
. . . . 3. Decision of Electoral Commission not made until 2 days before Hayes took office
. . . . . . a. Marked end of Reconstruction; with federal troops out of South, black Southerners frightened out of public affairs
. . . . . . b. 14th and 15th Amendments largely ignored and black Americans in South disenfranchised
II. Bland Allison Act (1878)
. . A. Since Civil War, there was growing demand for greenbacks:
. . . . 1. farmers as a class favored cheap money because it raised prices of farm products, made easy credit, and favored debtors
. . B. During early 1870s, several European nations switch from gold and silver standard to gold standard
. . . . 1. US, by Coinage Act of 1873, stops coining of silver dollars and goes to gold standard
. . . . . . a. No one wanted to sell silver to government because market price was higher
. . . . 2. New deposits of silver in Nevada, Colorado, and Utah dropped market price down, and rush to sell silver to gov’t
. . . . . . a. News that US not buying silver coinage resulting cry: “crime of 73)
. . C. Silver now a political issue: made sense for Greenbackers to shift support to demand for unlimited coinage of silver
. . . . 1. Farmers and laborers join silver-mine interests and increase political power by adding numbers and money to promote lobbying
. . . . 2. less frightening to conservatives to contemplate free coinage of silver than unlimited printing of greenbacks
. . . . . . a. At least silver had obvious substance and value
. . D. Richard Bland of Missouri introduces bill in House to provide unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16 to 1
. . E. Amended by Allison of Iowa to limit gov’t purchase of silver at market price ($2 million < x < $4million.
. . . . 1. Passes over Hayes’s veto, and gov’t purchases minimum amount each month, and inflationary effect unnoticeable
. . . . . . a. Agitation continued for more cheap money until second silver purchase act passed in 1890
III. Indian Wars
. . A. Since “Indian Removal Bill” in 1830 forced Native Americans off prosperous farmlands in Southeast, white/Indians relations worsened
. . . . 1. As settlers move westward, Indians driven from one place to another, with less land in new site than previous site
. . . . 2. Of millions of Indians when Columbus arrived, only 250,000 remained by 1860
. . B. In desperation, western Indians fought back, starting with 1862 Sioux uprising in Minnesota
. . . . 1. US cavalry and buffalo hunters destroyed the Indians’ way of life
. . . . 2. In 1890, last resisting tribe (Dakotas) fought last battle at Wounded Knee; survivors of all tribes herded onto Indian reservations
20th President James A. Garfield (1881)
GARFIELD(Garfield) has a NoSe(20) and a huge GuT(81).
I. Election
. . A. Radical Republicans: known as “Stalwarts” – wished to nominate former President Grant
. . . . 1. Reform faction: nominates James A. Garfield Civil War General with good military record)
. . . . 2. Chester Arthur (Stalwart choice) accepted as vice-presidential candidate
. . . . 3. Advocated protective tariff
. . B. Democrats: nominates General Winfield Hancock, who has excellent Civil War record
. . . . 1. Favored revenue tariff
. . C. Greenback Labor Party: nominates General James Weaver
. . D. Overall, no big differences between the parties; Garfield wins election
II. Death of Garfield
. . A. July 2, 1881: shot by C. Julius Guiteau; Garfield dies on Sept 19, 1881.
. . B. Makes public aware of problem of spoils system
21st President Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
The NuDe(21) AUTHOR(Arthur) rode on a fat GoaT(81) like a GooF(85).
I. Pendleton Act (1883) – Civil Service Reform
. . A. Chester Arthur proved to be able administrator with constructive program
. . . . 1. Responsibility of presidency and shock of Garfield’s assassination persuaded Arthur to sponsor civil service reform
. . B. For years, Civil Service Reform League advocated merit system for selection of public employees
. . . . 1. When Senator George Pendleton of Ohio puts bill including this principle, received full support from the President
. . . . 2. Congress passes Pendleton Act: sets up 3 person Civil Service Commission to implement act
. . . . . . a. Competitive examinations determine which candidates merit gov’t positions
. . . . . . b. Federal officeholders cannot be forced to contribute to campaign funds or be dismissed from office for refusing to contribute
. . . . . . c. List of federal positions law would apply; President allowed to add to list at own discretion
. . . . . . d. Granted gov’t job apportioned among several states according to population
. . C. Covered 12% of civilian employees of federal gov’t; only small dent in total spoils system
. . . . 1. States encouraged to create own merit systems, and list has been growing since
II. Steel Navy Started
. . A. Since engagement of “Monitor” and ironclad “Merrimac”, wooden navies was obsolete
. . . . 1. Congress not stirred by naval battle of 1862 to rebuilt US navy
. . . . 2. In 1882, US had a puny navy, ranked 12th among nations
. . B. President Arthur pushed for steel Navy, and Congress starts construction on steel cruisers
. . . . 1. First step towards bringing US as a leading naval power
Commentary: The election of Hayes seems to be an interesting political case, and I wonder whether or not it was even constitutional (from the viewpoint of a strict constructionist). However, as this case proves, there are times when strict constructionist viewpoints can not work. If this decision had gone to the states instead, there would be a cycle to corruption and a decision would not have been made, at the cost of United States stability. Other than Congress, I do not know what other government body would be able to decide upon this matter, and I wonder why such a statement wasn’t made within the textbook. It is most definitely an interesting political question, and is probably questioned to this day.
Another thing I find decidedly interesting is that Chester A. Arthur’s bio on his presidency is noticeably short, despite the fact that the two accomplishments stated are considerably important ones. Both of them demonstrate political coyness and maturity, and thus I can not blindly accept that the Pendleton Act and the building of a steel Navy were the only two things important during Arthur’s administration. I am not expecting a complete reform minded president such as Wilson and Roosevelt, but I would assume that someone who pushed for Civil Service reform would have some other credits and accomplishments under his belt. Whether or not those truly were the only two accomplishments is something that I personally have to look into.
I found DoPe(19) in the HAYSTACK(Hayes). I started going KooKy as a GoaT began to dance.
I. Election of Hayes
. . A. Republicans: “Bloody shirt” technique lost effectiveness and corruption prevalent during reign made its prospects dim
. . . . 1. Party was split between Liberal Republicans (Greeley) and regulars (Grant)
. . . . 2. Those who had backed Grant wanted: James G. Blaine
. . . . 3. Rutherford B. Hayes nominated on 7th ballot
. . B. Democrats: nominate Samuel J. Tilden (reform Democrat)
. . . . 1. forced removal of corrupt judges in NYC during state chairmanship and played major role in destroying Tweed Ring
. . . . 2. Strong candidate well calculated to carry Democratic Party
. . . . 3. Tilden was able to carry several Northern States
. . C. Widespread fraud by both parties apparent in multiple states
. . . . 1. Tilden was one short of simple majority required for election
. . . . 2. No constitutional provisions for handling this situation, so Congress improvised solution
. . . . . . a. Electoral Commission of 15 members created: 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats
. . . . . . b. Hayes won by Electoral Commission
. . . . . . c. In return for accepting Electoral Commission decision, South gets:
. . . . . . . . i. federal troops withdraw, substantial federal appropriations for railroads in South, appoint Southerner to Cabinet
. . . . 3. Decision of Electoral Commission not made until 2 days before Hayes took office
. . . . . . a. Marked end of Reconstruction; with federal troops out of South, black Southerners frightened out of public affairs
. . . . . . b. 14th and 15th Amendments largely ignored and black Americans in South disenfranchised
II. Bland Allison Act (1878)
. . A. Since Civil War, there was growing demand for greenbacks:
. . . . 1. farmers as a class favored cheap money because it raised prices of farm products, made easy credit, and favored debtors
. . B. During early 1870s, several European nations switch from gold and silver standard to gold standard
. . . . 1. US, by Coinage Act of 1873, stops coining of silver dollars and goes to gold standard
. . . . . . a. No one wanted to sell silver to government because market price was higher
. . . . 2. New deposits of silver in Nevada, Colorado, and Utah dropped market price down, and rush to sell silver to gov’t
. . . . . . a. News that US not buying silver coinage resulting cry: “crime of 73)
. . C. Silver now a political issue: made sense for Greenbackers to shift support to demand for unlimited coinage of silver
. . . . 1. Farmers and laborers join silver-mine interests and increase political power by adding numbers and money to promote lobbying
. . . . 2. less frightening to conservatives to contemplate free coinage of silver than unlimited printing of greenbacks
. . . . . . a. At least silver had obvious substance and value
. . D. Richard Bland of Missouri introduces bill in House to provide unlimited coinage of silver at ratio of 16 to 1
. . E. Amended by Allison of Iowa to limit gov’t purchase of silver at market price ($2 million < x < $4million.
. . . . 1. Passes over Hayes’s veto, and gov’t purchases minimum amount each month, and inflationary effect unnoticeable
. . . . . . a. Agitation continued for more cheap money until second silver purchase act passed in 1890
III. Indian Wars
. . A. Since “Indian Removal Bill” in 1830 forced Native Americans off prosperous farmlands in Southeast, white/Indians relations worsened
. . . . 1. As settlers move westward, Indians driven from one place to another, with less land in new site than previous site
. . . . 2. Of millions of Indians when Columbus arrived, only 250,000 remained by 1860
. . B. In desperation, western Indians fought back, starting with 1862 Sioux uprising in Minnesota
. . . . 1. US cavalry and buffalo hunters destroyed the Indians’ way of life
. . . . 2. In 1890, last resisting tribe (Dakotas) fought last battle at Wounded Knee; survivors of all tribes herded onto Indian reservations
20th President James A. Garfield (1881)
GARFIELD(Garfield) has a NoSe(20) and a huge GuT(81).
I. Election
. . A. Radical Republicans: known as “Stalwarts” – wished to nominate former President Grant
. . . . 1. Reform faction: nominates James A. Garfield Civil War General with good military record)
. . . . 2. Chester Arthur (Stalwart choice) accepted as vice-presidential candidate
. . . . 3. Advocated protective tariff
. . B. Democrats: nominates General Winfield Hancock, who has excellent Civil War record
. . . . 1. Favored revenue tariff
. . C. Greenback Labor Party: nominates General James Weaver
. . D. Overall, no big differences between the parties; Garfield wins election
II. Death of Garfield
. . A. July 2, 1881: shot by C. Julius Guiteau; Garfield dies on Sept 19, 1881.
. . B. Makes public aware of problem of spoils system
21st President Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)
The NuDe(21) AUTHOR(Arthur) rode on a fat GoaT(81) like a GooF(85).
I. Pendleton Act (1883) – Civil Service Reform
. . A. Chester Arthur proved to be able administrator with constructive program
. . . . 1. Responsibility of presidency and shock of Garfield’s assassination persuaded Arthur to sponsor civil service reform
. . B. For years, Civil Service Reform League advocated merit system for selection of public employees
. . . . 1. When Senator George Pendleton of Ohio puts bill including this principle, received full support from the President
. . . . 2. Congress passes Pendleton Act: sets up 3 person Civil Service Commission to implement act
. . . . . . a. Competitive examinations determine which candidates merit gov’t positions
. . . . . . b. Federal officeholders cannot be forced to contribute to campaign funds or be dismissed from office for refusing to contribute
. . . . . . c. List of federal positions law would apply; President allowed to add to list at own discretion
. . . . . . d. Granted gov’t job apportioned among several states according to population
. . C. Covered 12% of civilian employees of federal gov’t; only small dent in total spoils system
. . . . 1. States encouraged to create own merit systems, and list has been growing since
II. Steel Navy Started
. . A. Since engagement of “Monitor” and ironclad “Merrimac”, wooden navies was obsolete
. . . . 1. Congress not stirred by naval battle of 1862 to rebuilt US navy
. . . . 2. In 1882, US had a puny navy, ranked 12th among nations
. . B. President Arthur pushed for steel Navy, and Congress starts construction on steel cruisers
. . . . 1. First step towards bringing US as a leading naval power
Commentary: The election of Hayes seems to be an interesting political case, and I wonder whether or not it was even constitutional (from the viewpoint of a strict constructionist). However, as this case proves, there are times when strict constructionist viewpoints can not work. If this decision had gone to the states instead, there would be a cycle to corruption and a decision would not have been made, at the cost of United States stability. Other than Congress, I do not know what other government body would be able to decide upon this matter, and I wonder why such a statement wasn’t made within the textbook. It is most definitely an interesting political question, and is probably questioned to this day.
Another thing I find decidedly interesting is that Chester A. Arthur’s bio on his presidency is noticeably short, despite the fact that the two accomplishments stated are considerably important ones. Both of them demonstrate political coyness and maturity, and thus I can not blindly accept that the Pendleton Act and the building of a steel Navy were the only two things important during Arthur’s administration. I am not expecting a complete reform minded president such as Wilson and Roosevelt, but I would assume that someone who pushed for Civil Service reform would have some other credits and accomplishments under his belt. Whether or not those truly were the only two accomplishments is something that I personally have to look into.