Post by djxkorean on Aug 3, 2009 16:37:47 GMT -8
22nd President Grover Cleveland (1865-1889)
The LAND OF THE LEAVES(CLEVELAND) was filled with NuNs(22) who wore MJ GloVes(85), even though their was a GaP(89) in the similarities.
I. Election
. . A. Noisy, nasty contest in personal abuse
. . . . 1. Although Civil Service reform, tariff, and monopolies of election, main focus of oratory of campaign and candidates
. . B. Republicans: James G. Blaine ("The Plumed Knight")
. . . . 1. embodied loyalty to the Republican Party organization
. . . . 2. had served brief term as Secretary of State under Garfield
. . . . 3. However, marred with problem: scandals with associates. Reform minded Republicans didn't support
. . . . . . a. Republicans backing Blaine called reform Republicans "Mugwumps"
. . C. Democrats: Grover Cleveland ("Grover the Good")
. . . . 1. Fully acceptable to Mugwumps, splitting the Republican party and putting Democrats in Presidency
. . . . 2. Cleveland's public life was marked with economy, honesty, courage, and common sense
. . . . 3. Mugwumps largely put Cleveland in office
II. Mills Bill and the Surplus
. . A. Tariff reform = one message during Cleveland's "State of the Union" speech in 1887
. . . . 1. Gov't had been collecting more in taxes than required; largest single source of revenue = tariff
. . . . 2. Annual surplus ($100 million) piled up in Treasury and still growing; considered intolerable by Cleveland
. . B. Cleveland not a theorist on tariffs, but used common sense
. . . . 1. Protective tariffs good in some instances, and rates should only be as high as needed
. . . . 2. Strong tendency for manufacturers to exaggerate need for protection and to combine = excessive prices and profits
. . C. Both parties agree that tax cut was called for in view of surplus in Treasury
. . . . 1. Cleveland: lowering tariff and putting some goods on "free" list
. . . . 2. Republicans: tariff revision is unacceptable
. . D. Mills Bill: incorporated Cleveland's ideas on tariff revision
. . . . 1. passed House but could not clear the Senate
. . . . 2. While most Republicans opposed Mills Bill, most Democrats favored it
. . . . 3. Mills Bill fails to become law, and surplus is larger as Cleveland's 1st administration ends
III. Major Social Changes
. . A. US Changes
. . . . 1. US changed from basically agricultural (pre-Civil War) to largely industrial (by 20th century)
. . . . . . a. Industrial workers performed same monotonous tasks for hours at a stretch
. . . . . . b. Coal mines, textile factories = dangerous + many accidents; low pay + child labor = problems
. . . . 2. Population more than doubled, with size of working class soaring
. . B. Labor Unions
. . . . 1. Factories grow in size + owners and mangers grow in wealth = gap between employers and employees
. . . . . . a. Unsafe working conditions, low wages, long hours, and seasonal unemployment becomes strictly employee problems
. . . . 2. Workers sought to improve their ability to bargain for better wages and working conditions by forming labor unions
. . . . . . a. Workers were often fired is suspected by employer of being in a union
. . C. Knights of Labor: organized by Uriah P. Stephens
. . . . 1. Wins strike against Southwest Railroad
. . . . . . a. Grand Master (Terence V. Powderly) met with financier Jay Gould and arranged terms of settlement favorable to Knights
. . . . . . b. First collective bargaining by labor unions
. . . . 2. Resulted in mushroom growth in memberships, which Union tried to bring all workers together in one union
. . . . . . a. Regardless of skilled/unskilled, race, sex, job type
. . . . 3. Demands: abolition of child labor, graduated income tax, temperance, consumers' and producer's cooperatives, and 8-hr day
. . . . 4. Favored boycotts and arbitration in preferrence to strikes
. . D. Haymarket Riot
. . . . 1. Planned for May 1, 1886: workers urged to quit jobs and hold meetings demanding 8-hr day
. . . . . . a. After first day, protest fizzled out; revolutionary character of general strike aroused fear and hostility, hurting the cause
. . . . 2. Prolonged strike at McCormick Harvester Company results in police firing into group of strikers
. . . . . . a. Meeting held at Haymarket Square to protest police brutality
. . . . . . . . i. with violent speakers, police decided to disperse meeting; amid confusion dynamite bomb kills and wounds police officers
. . . . . . b. Public opinion goes violently against the unions
. . . . 3. Roundup of anarchists, socialists, and labor leaders follows, even those who had not been at Haymarket meetings
. . . . . . a. Strange procedure confirmed, with 6 accused dying (hanged/suicide)
. . . . . . b. Later, remaining men are pardoned on ground that trial had been unfair
. . . . 4. Knights of Labor played no part in May Day general strike and called bomb thrower "murder"
. . . . . . a. In public mind union members were anarchists; encouraged by press and used by management to fight organized labor
. . . . 5. Knights of Labor decline rapidly and cease to exist by 1890
. . . . . . a. Replaced by American Federation of Labor (1886)
IV. Granges and Granger Laws
. . A. Background
. . . . 1. Farmers had been distressed as early as 1867 (before Panic of 1873)
. . . . 2. During Johnson's administration, Agricultural Dept (following advice of Oliver H. Kelley) helped farmers organize Patrons of Husbandry
. . . . . . a. local units called Granges and was a social and economical program
. . . . . . b. Monthly meetings where food, entertainment, lectures, and general sociability used to dispel loneliness and hard work of farm life
. . . . . . c. Outside speakers would inform Granges on handling hundred of practical matters
. . . . 2. Granges hold political power; to win office in farm community, need to be well-known and well-liked by Grangers
. . . . 3. In econ. field, Granges organized cooperatives; buy things collectively to save money and help each other
. . B. Political activity of Granges in 1970s and 1880s concerned w/ railroads
. . . . 1. Almost all rural areas completely dependent on one railroad and susceptible to multiple abuses
. . . . . . a. Rate fixing, high fees, high charging on gran storage, etc.
. . . . 2. State legislatures made through Granges to regulate rates and other charges made by railroads: challenged in courts
. . . . . . a. Munn v. Illinois: state law fixed maximum rate for storage of grain in warehouses and elevators
. . . . . . . . i. argument: violated 14th amendment (due process clause)
. . . . . . . . ii. Ruling: whenever private property used in manner of public interest, ceased to be only private property and subject to regulation
. . . . . . . . iii. Additionally, since interstate commerce only indirect, state gov't not interfering/encroaching on federal authority
. . . . . . b. Wabash v. Illinois: Illinois law fixed freight rates w/in state for purpose of preventing abuse of different rates for different hauls
. . . . . . . . i. Ruling: to regulate railroad rates w/in state did regulate rates throughout continuous journey through several states
. . . . . . . . ii. Would result in confusion if individual states could fix rates w/in borders; rate-fixing law ruled void
. . . . . . . . iii. Took steam out of political activities of the Granges
V. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
. . A. Demanded by public resentment over railroad abuses and by Wabash decision making state laws unable to cope with situation
. . . . 1. Set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce terms of law:
. . . . . . a. 5 members appointed by President w/ advise and consent of Senate: each serves 6 yrs on different rotations
. . . . . . . . i. no more than 3 commissioners could belong in same political party, and can't have any other employment
. . . . . . b. All charges by railroads have to be reasonable and just
. . . . . . c. No special preference or advantage extended by railroads to anyone using services
. . . . . . d. Pooling was forbidden: agreement among 2+ railroads to charge same rates in area to avoid competition
. . . . . . . . i. resulted in high common rates that were excessive and unfair
. . . . . . e. No more could be charged for short than for long hail over same road in same direction
. . . . . . f. Schedules of rates, fares, and charges must be published and posted and can't be changed w/o 10 day's notice
. . . . . . g. Railroads have to use accounting system that is uniform and approved by ICC
. . B. ICC not a success: commission's lack of power to make railroads obey its orders
. . . . 1. While ICC challenged in courts, railroads continue to abuse ICC policies (ICC has burden of proof)
. . . . 2. ICC ineffective until Hepburn Bill of 1906
. . C. Significance of Interstate Commerce Act: 1st federal law regulating major private business
. . . . 1. marked shift from conviction that gov't must not interfere w/ private business to admission that some private business impt. factor in public
. . . . 2. 1st big step in direction that gov't must exercise substantial control in order to protect public welfare
Commentary: I was first shocked by Cleveland's presidential nickname: "Cleveland the Good". The initial shock was that with such a catchy nickname, I didn't know much or quite along anything about his presidential term. The second shock came when I learned that the main message during his "State of the Union" address was not on social reform, but instead on tariff reform. Additionally, there really nothing in this section that points to any moral decency on Cleveland's part, not anything that would deem him the title "Cleveland the Good". Of course, this nickname came from his non-Presidential career, which is stated as being marked by "economy, honesty, courage, and common sense". One would assume, however, that such a President would have made some great social reforms for the "good" of the people.
Another thing I found interesting in this section was the political power of the Grangers. Established after the Civil War when agricultural America began to decline, it is decidedly interesting that an initially social group such as the Grangers were able to develop such a strong political backing. This may seem sort of misplaced in this commentary, but the first thing I thought of when I read of the Grangers was Hermione Granger from the Harry Potter series. That Hermione also sought for labor reform is certainly interesting, although I doubt J.K. Rowling knew enough about United States history to name her female character after the Grangers.
The LAND OF THE LEAVES(CLEVELAND) was filled with NuNs(22) who wore MJ GloVes(85), even though their was a GaP(89) in the similarities.
I. Election
. . A. Noisy, nasty contest in personal abuse
. . . . 1. Although Civil Service reform, tariff, and monopolies of election, main focus of oratory of campaign and candidates
. . B. Republicans: James G. Blaine ("The Plumed Knight")
. . . . 1. embodied loyalty to the Republican Party organization
. . . . 2. had served brief term as Secretary of State under Garfield
. . . . 3. However, marred with problem: scandals with associates. Reform minded Republicans didn't support
. . . . . . a. Republicans backing Blaine called reform Republicans "Mugwumps"
. . C. Democrats: Grover Cleveland ("Grover the Good")
. . . . 1. Fully acceptable to Mugwumps, splitting the Republican party and putting Democrats in Presidency
. . . . 2. Cleveland's public life was marked with economy, honesty, courage, and common sense
. . . . 3. Mugwumps largely put Cleveland in office
II. Mills Bill and the Surplus
. . A. Tariff reform = one message during Cleveland's "State of the Union" speech in 1887
. . . . 1. Gov't had been collecting more in taxes than required; largest single source of revenue = tariff
. . . . 2. Annual surplus ($100 million) piled up in Treasury and still growing; considered intolerable by Cleveland
. . B. Cleveland not a theorist on tariffs, but used common sense
. . . . 1. Protective tariffs good in some instances, and rates should only be as high as needed
. . . . 2. Strong tendency for manufacturers to exaggerate need for protection and to combine = excessive prices and profits
. . C. Both parties agree that tax cut was called for in view of surplus in Treasury
. . . . 1. Cleveland: lowering tariff and putting some goods on "free" list
. . . . 2. Republicans: tariff revision is unacceptable
. . D. Mills Bill: incorporated Cleveland's ideas on tariff revision
. . . . 1. passed House but could not clear the Senate
. . . . 2. While most Republicans opposed Mills Bill, most Democrats favored it
. . . . 3. Mills Bill fails to become law, and surplus is larger as Cleveland's 1st administration ends
III. Major Social Changes
. . A. US Changes
. . . . 1. US changed from basically agricultural (pre-Civil War) to largely industrial (by 20th century)
. . . . . . a. Industrial workers performed same monotonous tasks for hours at a stretch
. . . . . . b. Coal mines, textile factories = dangerous + many accidents; low pay + child labor = problems
. . . . 2. Population more than doubled, with size of working class soaring
. . B. Labor Unions
. . . . 1. Factories grow in size + owners and mangers grow in wealth = gap between employers and employees
. . . . . . a. Unsafe working conditions, low wages, long hours, and seasonal unemployment becomes strictly employee problems
. . . . 2. Workers sought to improve their ability to bargain for better wages and working conditions by forming labor unions
. . . . . . a. Workers were often fired is suspected by employer of being in a union
. . C. Knights of Labor: organized by Uriah P. Stephens
. . . . 1. Wins strike against Southwest Railroad
. . . . . . a. Grand Master (Terence V. Powderly) met with financier Jay Gould and arranged terms of settlement favorable to Knights
. . . . . . b. First collective bargaining by labor unions
. . . . 2. Resulted in mushroom growth in memberships, which Union tried to bring all workers together in one union
. . . . . . a. Regardless of skilled/unskilled, race, sex, job type
. . . . 3. Demands: abolition of child labor, graduated income tax, temperance, consumers' and producer's cooperatives, and 8-hr day
. . . . 4. Favored boycotts and arbitration in preferrence to strikes
. . D. Haymarket Riot
. . . . 1. Planned for May 1, 1886: workers urged to quit jobs and hold meetings demanding 8-hr day
. . . . . . a. After first day, protest fizzled out; revolutionary character of general strike aroused fear and hostility, hurting the cause
. . . . 2. Prolonged strike at McCormick Harvester Company results in police firing into group of strikers
. . . . . . a. Meeting held at Haymarket Square to protest police brutality
. . . . . . . . i. with violent speakers, police decided to disperse meeting; amid confusion dynamite bomb kills and wounds police officers
. . . . . . b. Public opinion goes violently against the unions
. . . . 3. Roundup of anarchists, socialists, and labor leaders follows, even those who had not been at Haymarket meetings
. . . . . . a. Strange procedure confirmed, with 6 accused dying (hanged/suicide)
. . . . . . b. Later, remaining men are pardoned on ground that trial had been unfair
. . . . 4. Knights of Labor played no part in May Day general strike and called bomb thrower "murder"
. . . . . . a. In public mind union members were anarchists; encouraged by press and used by management to fight organized labor
. . . . 5. Knights of Labor decline rapidly and cease to exist by 1890
. . . . . . a. Replaced by American Federation of Labor (1886)
IV. Granges and Granger Laws
. . A. Background
. . . . 1. Farmers had been distressed as early as 1867 (before Panic of 1873)
. . . . 2. During Johnson's administration, Agricultural Dept (following advice of Oliver H. Kelley) helped farmers organize Patrons of Husbandry
. . . . . . a. local units called Granges and was a social and economical program
. . . . . . b. Monthly meetings where food, entertainment, lectures, and general sociability used to dispel loneliness and hard work of farm life
. . . . . . c. Outside speakers would inform Granges on handling hundred of practical matters
. . . . 2. Granges hold political power; to win office in farm community, need to be well-known and well-liked by Grangers
. . . . 3. In econ. field, Granges organized cooperatives; buy things collectively to save money and help each other
. . B. Political activity of Granges in 1970s and 1880s concerned w/ railroads
. . . . 1. Almost all rural areas completely dependent on one railroad and susceptible to multiple abuses
. . . . . . a. Rate fixing, high fees, high charging on gran storage, etc.
. . . . 2. State legislatures made through Granges to regulate rates and other charges made by railroads: challenged in courts
. . . . . . a. Munn v. Illinois: state law fixed maximum rate for storage of grain in warehouses and elevators
. . . . . . . . i. argument: violated 14th amendment (due process clause)
. . . . . . . . ii. Ruling: whenever private property used in manner of public interest, ceased to be only private property and subject to regulation
. . . . . . . . iii. Additionally, since interstate commerce only indirect, state gov't not interfering/encroaching on federal authority
. . . . . . b. Wabash v. Illinois: Illinois law fixed freight rates w/in state for purpose of preventing abuse of different rates for different hauls
. . . . . . . . i. Ruling: to regulate railroad rates w/in state did regulate rates throughout continuous journey through several states
. . . . . . . . ii. Would result in confusion if individual states could fix rates w/in borders; rate-fixing law ruled void
. . . . . . . . iii. Took steam out of political activities of the Granges
V. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
. . A. Demanded by public resentment over railroad abuses and by Wabash decision making state laws unable to cope with situation
. . . . 1. Set up Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to enforce terms of law:
. . . . . . a. 5 members appointed by President w/ advise and consent of Senate: each serves 6 yrs on different rotations
. . . . . . . . i. no more than 3 commissioners could belong in same political party, and can't have any other employment
. . . . . . b. All charges by railroads have to be reasonable and just
. . . . . . c. No special preference or advantage extended by railroads to anyone using services
. . . . . . d. Pooling was forbidden: agreement among 2+ railroads to charge same rates in area to avoid competition
. . . . . . . . i. resulted in high common rates that were excessive and unfair
. . . . . . e. No more could be charged for short than for long hail over same road in same direction
. . . . . . f. Schedules of rates, fares, and charges must be published and posted and can't be changed w/o 10 day's notice
. . . . . . g. Railroads have to use accounting system that is uniform and approved by ICC
. . B. ICC not a success: commission's lack of power to make railroads obey its orders
. . . . 1. While ICC challenged in courts, railroads continue to abuse ICC policies (ICC has burden of proof)
. . . . 2. ICC ineffective until Hepburn Bill of 1906
. . C. Significance of Interstate Commerce Act: 1st federal law regulating major private business
. . . . 1. marked shift from conviction that gov't must not interfere w/ private business to admission that some private business impt. factor in public
. . . . 2. 1st big step in direction that gov't must exercise substantial control in order to protect public welfare
Commentary: I was first shocked by Cleveland's presidential nickname: "Cleveland the Good". The initial shock was that with such a catchy nickname, I didn't know much or quite along anything about his presidential term. The second shock came when I learned that the main message during his "State of the Union" address was not on social reform, but instead on tariff reform. Additionally, there really nothing in this section that points to any moral decency on Cleveland's part, not anything that would deem him the title "Cleveland the Good". Of course, this nickname came from his non-Presidential career, which is stated as being marked by "economy, honesty, courage, and common sense". One would assume, however, that such a President would have made some great social reforms for the "good" of the people.
Another thing I found interesting in this section was the political power of the Grangers. Established after the Civil War when agricultural America began to decline, it is decidedly interesting that an initially social group such as the Grangers were able to develop such a strong political backing. This may seem sort of misplaced in this commentary, but the first thing I thought of when I read of the Grangers was Hermione Granger from the Harry Potter series. That Hermione also sought for labor reform is certainly interesting, although I doubt J.K. Rowling knew enough about United States history to name her female character after the Grangers.